LESSON № 7
Section A
Britain, as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is usually known, is not one country but four. It is made up of England, Wales, Scotland and the province of Northern Ireland. Each of the four parts is quite different. The English countryside is famous for its farmland and gentle hills, while Wales and Scotland are more wild and mountainous.
Although English is the national language, it is spoken with a strong accent in the different regions of the country and in parts of Wales and Scotland, many people speak a language of their own. Britain is a multicultural country and over the last 100 years, refugees and immigrants from Europe, Africa, India and the Caribbean have settled here, bringing with them their own languages and religions.
Britain is a small but crowded island. The most densely populated area is the southeast of England and 12 % of Britain‘s population lives in the London area. The southeast is also the most prosperous. Although three quarters of Britain‘s land is farmed, few people have their homes in the countryside and most live in one of the large cities.
Britain is a rich country and once controlled a vast empire that stretched around the world. In recent years its economy has declined, but the discovery of oil in the North Sea has helped to make the country self-sufficient in energy.
Vocabulary
| a countryside gentle hills mountainous a refugee a crowded island densely populated prosperous a vast empire to stretch to decline self-sufficient | сельская местность небольшие холмы гористый беженец густо населенный остров густо населенный процветающий, успешный большая империя простираться, распространяться приходить в упадок, ухудшаться самообеспеченный |
Britain is not one country but ...
two three
four
Britain is made up of England, Wales, … and the province of Northern Ireland.
Scotland
Switzerland
Georgia
The English countryside is famous for its farmland and ….
mountains
hills
lakes
Refugees and immigrants from Europe, Africa, India and the Caribbean have … in Britain. settled set up
sitted
The most densely populated area is the … of England.
southwest northeast
southeast
… % of Britain‘s population lives in the London area.
10
12
16
In recent years Britain‘s economy has … declined improved
not changed
The discovery of oil in … has helped to make the country self-sufficient in energy.
the North Sea English Channel
Scotland
Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.
1. What percentage of the British population live in the London area?
2. Name three places refugees and immigrants have come from in the past 100 years.
3. What has helped to make Britain self-sufficient in energy?
4. How much of Britain‘s land is farmed?
5. What is the most densely populated area of Britain?
Section B
The Past Indefinite Tense (The Simple Past)
The Past Indefinite Tense (прошедшее неопределенное время) употребляется:
3. Для выражения действий или фактов, имевших место в прошлом.
I entered the Institute last year. Я поступил в институт в прошлом году. We saw him in 1981. Мы видели его в 1981 году.
4. Для выражения обычных, регулярно повторяющихся действий в прошлом.
I usually went to the library Я обычно ходил в библиотеку on Saturday. по субботам.
3. При выражении ряда последовательных событий, имевших место в прошлом.
I got up at 7 o` clock, washed, dressed, had breakfast and left the room. Я встал в 7 часов, умылся, оделся, позавтракал и ушел.
По способу образования Past Indefinite все глаголы делятся на так называемые правильные (стандартные) и неправильные (нестандартные).
1. Правильные глаголы образуют Past Indefinite путем прибавления к инфинитиву глагола окончания -ed:
work – worked работать – работал
play – played играть – играл
Окончание -ed произносится:
a) после гласных и звонких согласных как [d]: lived [livd], played [pleid]
б) после глухих согласных как [t]: worked [wq:kt]
в) после звуков t,d как [id]: wanted [wOntid]
2. Неправильные глаголы образуют Past Indefinite различными способами, поэтому их форму необходимо запомнить:
to write – wrote (изменяется корневая гласная) to build – built (изменяется конечная согласная) to go – went (употребляются разные корни слова) to put – put (форма не меняется)
Форму прошедшего времени неправильных глаголов (так же, как и форму причастия прошедшего времени Past Participle), следует запоминать. В словарях и учебниках обычно приводятся списки неправильных глаголов и их основных форм, но чем больше неправильных глаголов вы сумеете запомнить, тем лучше, так как они встречаются довольно часто и обозначают самые распространенные, повседневные действия, такие как: есть, пить, спать, ходить, сидеть, лежать, читать, писать, видеть, слышать, чувствовать, и т.д.
При дальнейшей работе над текстами вам следует обязательно выписывать все неправильные глаголы, которые встретятся в текстах в ваш словарик с указанием основных форм (инфинитив, прошедшее время, причастие прошедшего времени, причастие настоящего времени), например:
to go (ходить) – went – gone – going to write (писать) – wrote – written – writing
Обратите внимание на то, что глагол to be имеет в прошедшем времени различные формы для единственного и множественного числа: ед. was, мн.ч. – were. Если в предложении используется глагол to be (was/were), то вспомогательный глагол did отсутствует!
I was in the cinema yesterday.
Were they at home on Monday?
Where were you last Sunday?
Глаголы в Past Indefinite часто имеют при себе обстоятельства, указывающее на то, что действие совершалось в прошлом. Запомните наиболее употребительные из этих обстоятельств:
at that time – в то время yesterday – вчера the day before yesterday – позавчера last year (month) – в прошлом году ago (2 months ago) – назад (два месяца назад).
Вопросительная форма образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола do в прошедшем времени did (для любого лица и числа) и инфинитива смыслового глагола без частицы to. Вспомогательный глагол did предшествует подлежащему.
Did you work in the field? Ты работал в поле? When did you work there? Когда ты работал там?
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола did и отрицания not, которые становятся после подлежащего.
I did not (didn't) work there. Я не работал там.
Exercise №1. Трансформируйте предложения (поставьте глаголы в Past
Indefinite).
1. John gets up at 7.30 in the morning. 2.He takes a shower at 7. 45. 3. He eats his breakfast at 8 a.m. 4. He leaves home at 8.20. 5. He gets to the office at 9.00 a.m. 6. He has his lunch at 1.00 p.m.. 7. He returns to his office at 1.45. 8. He leaves his office at 6.00. 9. He catches a taxi in front of his office. 10. He gets home at 6.30 p.m. 11. He has dinner with his wife and children at 7.00 p.m. 12. He reads the papers and watches television. 13. He goes to bed at 11.00 p.m.
Exercise №2. Откройте скобки и поставьте глаголы в Past Indefinite.
1. The students (to run) a race at the stadium last week.
2. Their family (to go) to the seaside a week ago.
3. Jane (to do) the shopping yesterday evening.
4. They (to listen) to music at the concert hall yesterday.
5. My father (to smoke) a cigarette a minute ago.
6. Nick and Barbara (to stay) at a hotel last June.
7. Susan (to water) the flowers an hour ago.
8. We (to travel) by sea last month.
10. She (to try) on a white dress at the shop yesterday.
NOTE: a race – гонка / to water – поливать / to try – примерять
Exercise №3. Откройте скобки и поставьте глаголы в Past Indefinite.
1.You (to go) to the theatre last week.
2. Helen (to buy) a nice suit two days ago.
3. I (to give) a call to Stefan five minutes ago.
4. Kate (to knit) a warm sweater last month.
5. We (to arrive) in Kazan yesterday evening.
6. The students (to learn) by heart new poems last week.
7. Fred (to catch) the plane yesterday morning.
8. We (to sleep) with the window open last night.
9. I (to leave) home for work twenty minutes ago.
10. Jack (to ring up) his friends yesterday evening.
Exercise №4. Откройте скобки и поставьте глаголы в Past Indefinite.
1. My mother (to cook) fish soup for dinner yesterday.
2. Liz (to look for) her keys yesterday morning.
3. Jane (to tell) funny stories last Friday.
4. Victor (to learn) by heart a difficult text yesterday.
5. My sister (to translate) many articles last Monday.
6. They (to have) two cups of coffee five minutes ago.
7. He (to drive) Molly to work yesterday morning.
8. His father (to buy) a new car last month.
9. They (to decorate) their room last week.
10. I (to help) my parents about the house last Sunday.
NOTE: to look for – искать/ by heart – наизусть/ articles – статьи
Exercise №5. Задайте специальный вопрос, начиная со слов в скобках.
1. Nick (to pay) the electricity bill last week. (who, what, when)
2. Her aunt (to write) an interesting story last month.(who, when)
3. Zelda (to want) to be an actress many years ago.(who, when)
4. My friends (to go) to a picnic last weekend. (when, who)
5. Jane (to get) married in 1995. (who, when)
6. Our family (to buy) a new house last month. (what, when, who)
7. Kate (to make) tea ten minutes ago.(what, when, who)
8. We (to clean) the house the day before yesterday. (who, when)
9. They (to live) in a village last summer. (where, when, who)
Exercise №6. Задайте специальный вопрос, начиная со слов в скобках.
1. I (to meet) him at the bus stop two hours ago. (where, when, whom)
2. We (to eat) cakes for breakfast yesterday morning.(what, when)
3. George (to run) at the stadium yesterday morning. (where, who)
4. Kate (to paint) a picture last week. (what, who, when)
5. He (to become) a manager 2 years ago.(who, when)
6. Our family (to ski) in the park last winter. (who, when, where)
7. Don (to drink) red wine at the party yesterday. (what, who, where)
8. My sister (to play) volley-ball at the seaside last summer. (who, where, when)
9. We (to come) home at 12 o‘clock yesterday. (when, where)
Exercise №7. Откройте скобки, задайте вопрос.
1. Who (to cry) in the room five minutes ago?
2. When you last (to talk) with our boss?
3. She (to write) a letter to her friend on Sunday.
4. How many times you (to go) to the theatre last year?
5. Why Helen (not to take) these books with her?
6. How much fish you (to buy) yesterday?
7. They drink Coca-Cola two hours ago?
8. Where they (to go) the day before yesterday?
9. Where Jim (to work) five years ago?
NOTE: to cry – кричать / last – последний раз two hours ago – два часа назад
Перед выполнением следующих упражнений давайте вспомним, что глагол to be имеет в прошедшем времени различные формы для единственного и множественного числа: ед. was, мн.ч. – were. Если в предложении используется глагол to be (was/were), то вспомогательный глагол did отсутствует!
I was in the park yesterday.
Were they at the institute on Monday?
Exercise №8. Вставьте “was” или “were” и задайте вопрос.
1. … Jane at the club yesterday evening?
2. … your little brother ill yesterday?
3. … they good students many years ago? 4. … his family in the country last week?
5. … you in London during the last winter holidays?
6. … your friends at the stadium last Saturday?
7. … he at work last week?
8. …. your sister on time at school yesterday? 9. … Helen and Martin at home yesterday?
NOTE: to be ill – болеть
Exercise №9. Вставьте “was” или “were” и задайте вопрос.
1. … your sister good at Literature several years ago?
2. … his friends at the sportsground yesterday afternoon?
3. … his uncle in Italy last month?
4. … she in the museum last Monday?
5. … they in the park yesterday evening?
6. … the red car in the street 2 hours ago? 7. … the vase on the TV set yesterday?
8. … we late for lessons yesterday morning?
9. … you busy last week?
NOTE: to be good at – хорошо разбираться в чем-либо to be late – опаздывать/ to be busy – быть занятым
Exercise №10. Задайте вопросы и ответьте на них, используя слова в
скобках.
1. Where you (to be) yesterday? (at the stadium)
2. What time Bill (to be) in the park last Sunday? (at 12 0`clock)