allocate (v) to give money in certain proportions; in the budget we
allocated most of the money to marketing amortise (v) to pay off a debt by saving money on a regular basis; the
total cost can be amortised in five уears annual (adj) for one year; the annual accounts
annual general meeting (AGM) a meeting of all shareholders
anti-trust (adj) against monopolies; anti-trust laws appeal (n) being attractive
appropriate (v) to put a sum of money aside for a purpose appropriation (n) profit appropriation area (n) a region; his sales area is the North East
arbitrage (n) buying shares in a company which is likely to be taken
over arbitrager (n) person who buys and sells shares before and after a
takeover arrears (n) money which is owed and has not been paid on time art director (n) person responsible for creative work in an advertising
agency artwork (n) drawing, photographs, etc. used for an advertisement,
brochure, publicity material, etc.
assess (v) to calculate the value of
assessment (n) tax assessment; my tax assessment is always wrong asset (n) something of value which is owned by a company current assets (n) assets in daily use by a business fixed assets (n) property and machinery
frozen assets (n) assets which cannot be sold, usually because there is a
dispute intangible assets (n) assets which cannot be seen (such as goodwill, patents, etc.) liquid assets (n) cash or bills which can be easily converted into cash tangible assets (n) assets which can be seen (such as property,
machinery, etc.) asset stripping (v) buying a company in order to sell its assets assortment (n) combination or range of goods; the wholesaler’s
assortment is too wide attribute (v) to put a name to, to classify
attributable profits (n) profits whose origin can be identified audience (n) people who watch or listen to a TV or radio programme;
this ad will not reach its target audience audit (n) examination of the accounts of a company
auditing (n) official process of checking the accounts of a company to
see if they represent a true picture auditor (n) person who audits
authorised capital (n) amount of capital which a company is allowed to have average (n) number which is representative of many figures; the average
inflation rate is 10 per cent
B
В shares ordinary shares with special voting rights
back 1. (adj) referring to the past; I am owed a lot of back pay 2. (v) to support; the bank refuses to back the project
backdate (v) to put an earlier date on a document
backer (n) person/company who financially supports someone; our
American backers have pulled out of the project backing (n) financial support
back office (n) the department in a firm of stockbrokers which deals with
settlement procedures bad debt (n) debt which will not be paid
balance (n) amount which makes the total credits and debits equal balance brought forward (bbf) (n) amount entered at the start of an
account which represents the balance from the last period balance of payments (n) international financial position of a country
(account of imports, exports and invisible earnings) balance sheet (n) statement of the financial position of a company or
business at a certain moment bank charges (n) charges a bank makes for services provided to a customer bank draft (n) order by one bank to get another bank to pay money to
someone bank statement (n) written statement showing transactions and balance
of an account bankrupt (adj/noun) declared unable to pay debts and put in the hands of
a receiver; he was declared bankrupt; he went bankrupt bankrupt (v) to force someone to become bankrupt; they bankrupt my
business bankruptcy (n) state of being bankrupt
bargain (n) 1. agreement on price, he strikes a hard bargain 2. something
cheaper than usual; that car is a real bargain base rate (n) principal rate of interest charged by a bank bearer (n) person who holds a cheque or certificate bear market (n) period when share prices are falling below-the-line (adj); advertising which is not paid for
benchmark (n) point which can be used as a basis for comparison; we
have set a benchmark figure of 5 per cent benefit (n) the advantage that a product brings to the consumer; the main
product benefit was a reduction in time bias (n) prejudice, lack of objectivity; focus interviews are subject to
interviewer bias bid (n) offer to buy something at a certain price; takeover bid bidder (n) person who makes an offer; the company will go to the
highest bidder bill (n) written paper promising to pay money
billion (n) GB: one million million; US: one thousand million blank cheque (n) a signed cheque with no payee or amount
bleed 1. (n) print that runs to the edge of the page 2.(v) to run print to the
edge of the page blue chips (n) shares with the highest status as investments — usually shares of well-established companies
body copy (n) main part of an advertising text
bond (n) contract document promising to repay money borrowed by a
company or government bonus (n) extra payment; we offer a Christmas bonus to all employees books (n) the financial records of a company
book value (n) value of assets as recorded in the company’s books bookkeeper (n) person who keeps the financial records of a company boom (n) time when business activity is increasing; we must take
advantage of the economic boom borrow (v) to accept money from someone on the basis that you repay it later
Boston Matrix (n) type of product portfolio analysis invented by the
Boston Consulting Group bottleneck (n) a restriction in normal flow; we’ve got a bottleneck in our
supply operations bottom 1 (n) lowest point, rock-bottom price 2. (v) to bottom out, to
reach the lowest point bounce (v) referring to a cheque which is returned to the bearer because
there is not enough money in the payer’s account brand (n) a product which can be recognised by a name brand leader (n) brand with the biggest market share
brand loyalty (n) customer desire to continue buying the same brand branding (n) the process of giving brand names to products
break even (v) to balance sales and costs, not to make a profit or a loss;
we only just broke even breakeven point (n) point at which sales balance costs bridge (v) to print an ad across the centre of a double-page spread brief 1 (n) objectives for a campaign given by an advertiser to an agency 2 (v) to explain to people before an assignment; the salesforce were briefed about the campaign broadsheet (n) large sized newspaper (as opposed to tabloid) brochure (n) publicity booklet; they asked for a brochure about our
services broke (adj informal) having no money; he’s broke until he receives his
pay cheque go broke (v) to become bankrupt; the company went broke broker (n) person who buys and sells shares/currency
budget 1. (n) plan of forecast income and expenditure; we drew up a pessimistic budget for the next six months 2 (v) to plan forecast income and expenditure
The Budget (GB) annual plan of government spending and taxation budgetary (adj) referring to a budget; budgetary control
building society (n) (GB) financial institution which lends money to
people buying property bull market (n) period when share prices are rising
burst (n) a large number of ads over a short period; we could advertise in a burst or take it more slowly
bust (adj informal) bankrupt; the firm went bust
buyout (n) management ~: takeover of a company by its managers and
directors
C
call (n) 1.demand to pay for new shares 2. (n) visit; the salesman plans to make seven calls 3. (v) to call on someone, to visit 4. (v) to call someone; to telephone call option (n) option to buy shares at a certain price
cannibalism (n) a process when one product reduces the sales of another
produced by the same company canvass (v) to visit people to seek their opinions; we canvassed our
customers about the proposed new product capital (n) money, property and assets used in a business capital expenditure (n) money spent on fixed assets capital gains (n) money made on the sale of a fixed asset
equity capital (n) amount of a company’s capital owned by the
shareholders risk capital (n) money for investment in risky projects
capitalisation (n) market ~: value of a company based on its total share
value caption (n) short description attached to a photograph or illustration captive (ad) not free; the patients in the waiting room are a captive
audience for advertisements capture (v) to take; we captured 20 per cent of the market
carry forward (v) to take a balance forward from the last accounting
period, usually abbreviated to c.f. in financial statements cartel (n) group of companies that get together to fix price or control the
market cash 1. (n) money in notes and coins 2. (v) to exchange a cheque for cash cash flow (n) cash coming in to a company in sales less the money going
out in purchases and overheads negative cash flow (n) more money going out than coming in positive cash flow (n) more money coming in than going out catalogue (US catalog) (n) a sales publication which list products and
prices cater for (v) to be equipped to deal with; we can only cater for twenty
people ceiling (n) highest level; we are going to have to agree a price ceiling chain (n) series of shops belonging to one company
challenger (n) company which enters a market where others are already
established
Chancellor of the Exchequer (n) British finance minister
channel (n) means by which goods pass from one place to another; the main distribution channel is through supermarkets
charge 1. (n) money paid for a service; a delivery charge 1. (v) to ask
someone to pay; the bank charges their business customers 10 p a cheque chart (n) diagram which visually displays information bar chart (n) uses column height to show variation flow chart (n) shows process from first to last step pie chart (n) shows data in a circle cut up into segments
chartered accountant (n) accountant in UK who has passed professional
examinations and is a member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants checkout (n) place where goods are paid for in a shop
cheque (n) (US: check) note ordering a bank to pay money to the
person/company whose name is written on the cheque
c.i.f. cost, insurance and freight
circular (n) a copied leaflet which is sent to many people circulation (n) number of copies of a newspaper sold
claim 1. (n) request for money; we put in an insurance claim after the
accident 2. (v) to ask for money; we claimed $50,000 in damages classify (v) to put into categories
classified ads (n) advertisements which are grouped together under
certain headings, e.g. property, personal client (n) person or company that buys a service Co. short for Company
cold (adj) not approached before; a cold call
collateral (n) synonym for security; the bank wants to know what
collateral we are offering against the loan collect (v) to make somebody pay their debts; tax collection; tax collector colour supplement (n) glossy magazine which accompanies a
newspaper commercialise (v) to make something make money, they have a good
research reputation but they find it difficult to commercialise their products commission (n) money paid to the seller, a percentage of the sales made;
we offered the agent a 10per cent commission commodity (n) goods sold in large quantities, e.g. raw materials such as
metals, grain, sugar, etc.
company (n) a registered business
company secretary (n) person responsible for the company’s legal affairs
limited (liability) company (Ltd) (n) a private company where the
shareholders are responsible for repaying debts to the value of their shares compete (v) to try to do better than another person/company; it’s difficult
to compete with low-priced imports competition (n) process of trying to do better; the competition is very
fierce competitor (n) person-company which competes соmpetitive (adj) of a product which competes well; it’s important to
keep a competitive edge competitiveness (v) process of being competitive complementary (adj) completing, adding to or extending; toothbrushes
and toothpaste are complementary products complimentary (adj) given as a gift; we received two complimentary
tickets for Wimbledon compound interest (n) interest which is added to the capital and then
earns interest again concentrated marketing (n) marketing directed at one segment of the
market concept (n) business idea; What is the concept which lies behind the
product?
conglomerate (n) group of companies joined together producing different products consign (v) to send goods to a particular buyer consignment (n) a group of goods sent in one load
consolidate (v) to put the accounts of subsidiary companies into the
parent company’s accounts; consolidated accounts consortium (n) a group of companies which work together consumables (n) bookkeeping item for goods which have a limited life consumer durables (n) expensive items which last a number of years, e.g. washing machines consumer goods (n) goods bought by consumers as opposed to industry consumerism (n) process of protecting the rights of consumers contingency (n) possible state of emergency; a contingency fund has
been set up in case of bankruptcy contract (n) legal agreement between two or more parties
contract manufacturing (n) agreement which allows an overseas
manufacturer to make your goods convert (v) to change money from one currency to another; convertible
currency convertible stock (n) stock which can be exchanged for shares at a later
date copy (n) text of an advertisement
copywriter (n) person who writes copy for advertisements
соrporate (adj) referring to the whole company; corporate advertising
sells the company not its products corporation tax (n) tax on profits of a company cost (n) amount of money which has to be paid
cost-effective (adj) which gives value; the scheme is cost-effective costing (n) the calculation of costs for a project
fixed costs (n) costs which do not increase when production increases or
decreases running costs (n) costs of day-to-day management of a company variable costs (n) costs which increase or decrease as production
changes counter (n) flat surface in a shop used for displaying goods and serving customers
over-the-counter drugs retail sales as opposed to prescription sales under-the-counter illegal
coupon (n) piece of paper used instead of money; as part of the
promotion we are offering prepaid coupons coverage (n) proportion of a market which is reached; we achieved very
good coverage with the evening TV ads credit 1. (n) time given to a customer to pay; we normally give 3
months’ credit 2. (v) to put money into someone’s account credit control (n) checking that customers pay on time credit limit (n) a maximum amount that a customer can owe creditor (n) person who is owed money
creditworthiness (n) ability to repay money borrowed creditworthy (adj) able to buy goods on credit
credit rating (n) amount which a credit agency thinks a company/person
should be allowed to borrow letter of credit (n) a note from a bank allowing credit and promising to
repay at a later date creaming (n) fixing a high price to get high, short-term profits cross-holding (n) two companies holding shares in each other cumulative (adj) which is added each year to the previous year’s total;