Якщо величини, що входять до виразу (2.14) відомі, то, вимірюючи
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAAZCAYAAADXPsWXAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAIwSURBVDhPzZWxbtNQFIbPdbw3ix1UhrCmAdE1TF0gGREDD0DVtN1wIxaEHNlZkEplWFKhpOUFmgewu3MfoHWkboXBUuyJPdeHc93E2I6oXHXpVSJlyP3u///nv7ZqWRbcd6n3Bcj9DxBimiYDRp+lP0SwbBvL2E3tIPrilNGizShhJ77cnzJvg6WQwWCimDMXp/orcAwXwu1mPLQnZYSsBot0uNHZhKFtV0oRVqYTXoMDBnibGnBeFpEZsWk2FH/8llIYwbpWHlDoyZYIpsQw6lADiO+CyZQthGsHwPDulkdeic+hS6GOyEtQkJHtEFIF7EJ/UiWR9EKh1nVYgWB0Lj5QhSR7PE2s5iaXQJJQRzehPtb+5ZEq6IM6cw1x9Osd7DQZ7UHZyVTRQsmG4F3JaMHZoh8SjPGlOJECyMOjzlc6Tn5BKKzHvPCQDjcVae0GEgWQmMl52RDjyjO48mZg8WNlv/UHdVJiBdTs/Rb2ahX4fYHSmpRGKylZIVQKehe+w8VLDSbF4mnPof2egRtEsCYbm83jRRPis8V1Qb2OB6zN+OU29Pt9Zc81pK3k96c369D5dgDuRy2WzVYBG+Jnl25tJg8pbnDMlcOZG/f0ZBDzTCZzcok+fsFlfmp4/gN2GVFfN2M+zN9aCarSMxgbDSVc46JGmeDO04oMkwBpm9RaG9GLjpAP/39rcas6/6w7NFQHek+iOeWQ74llVRUC3HpVloqS9wIfrvz34Tyo/wJqRe37B0flMQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
, можна визначити квантовий вихід β. На рис. 2.6, а наведена спектральна характеристика квантового виходу для германію та кремнію. Видно, що при 300 К аж до 2.7 еВ для германію та до 3 еВ у кремнію β=1. При подальшому зростанні енергії фотона квантовий вихід різко збільшується. Це відбувається тому, що поглинання фотону настільки великою енергією супроводжується виникненням «гарячих» носіїв заряду, що мають енергію, достатню для утворення вторинних електронно-діркових пар шляхом ударної іонізації. Оскільки ширина забороненої зони кремнію зменшується при підвищенні температури, то межа росту квантового виходу, як видно з рис. 2.6, б, зміщується в бік менших енергій.
2.3 Фотоефект в
переході В
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
переході існує потенційний бар’єр, обумовлений електричним полем яке проявляється в результаті дифузії основних носіїв заряду через
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
перехід.
![](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
Рисунок 2.7 – Енергетична схема
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
переходу і струми при термодинамічній рівновазі (а) та при освітленні (б, в)
При термодинамічній рівновазі положення рівня Фермі у всій системі постійно і енергетична система
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
переходу має вигляд, що зображений на рис. 2.7, а. в цьому випадку струми обумовлені вільними носіями заряду, що генерують за рахунок теплового збудження, та в рівновазі сумарний струм дорівнює нулю. При прийнятому позначенні струмів, я це зроблено на рис.2.7, а, умова рівноваги буде записана у вигляді
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
2.15
В цьому рівнянні кожна пара струмів електронів і дірок дорівнює нулю
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
2.16
так як кількість перехідних носіїв заряду в прямому та зворотному струмах напрямках при термодинамічній рівновазі рівні. Але потоки неосновних носіїв заряду – електронів із
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
області і дірок із
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
області є не що інше, як електронна та діркова складові струму насичення в вольт-амперній характеристиці діода. Повний струм насичення
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
2.17
Розглянемо
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
перехід, на який падають фотони з енергією, що більше, ніж ширини забороненої зони (рис. 2.7, б). В результаті поглинання фотону виникає електронно-діркова пара. Під дією внутрішнього поля в
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
переході створені світлом носії заряду рухаються в протилежних напрямках: дірки – в
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
область, а електрони – в
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
область (див. рис.2.7, б). ці нерівноважні носії заряду, що перейшли через
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
перехід, створять додаткову щільність струму яку позначимо
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Так як надлишкові дірки, що перейшли в
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
область, зменшують негативний об’ємний заряд, то енергетичні рівні в
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
області, знижуються і в результаті цього відбувається зниження потенційного бар’єру. Отже, розподіл зарядів призводить до виникнення різниць потенціалів
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
(рис.2.7, в). Електрони з
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
області і дірки з
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
області, долаючи знижений потенціальний бар’єр
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFMAAAAZCAYAAABNcRIKAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAZkSURBVGhD7Vk9bxpZFL1vcO8m4MgN7bKA1637YLvarNa/IBsgSpnxSusmIKhSBFyinSH5B0jZjo/UoVyvGETKuFgUZqr8AN7de998MHyMSRyStSUjy/IwM3fuPe/cc88bb1UqFbj7bAaBrc2EuYvCCNyBuUEefBWYpVJJgKAfRKhUq7jBvG5kqFKpLIRAoHKhuqLea4PJgRFP5CsCU+85DKR2IxFYk5QLkH/RDKiAKMEphKe9T1MhmmKIj6FcKmmLBLoWmJyAZQq596QPAylxXK3eSiAZp2FTSAEEIv1NQMEQ8h4xhtMmw8w09AjT6G9rUh7IphYTevujXAT0i8HkFXO6nwjIFAGZx9YtBpLBTOcn0Bkl4LCuQ2eSB7+earWllSYdHCUO4dwYwHa/oQijvpcDAvQ+ATqRhIfmt/wXgwlOV744OgfDksGDb2N7z3K24bJOR/ox7McB+0vFCDAO0jButYIzCtCBgVrmBRzbNcmkXprmSzrB9A+JLZ8fmgLqehfsNGBjFn8uBT8O38yrxschYaKv3e9vxCI4YxgpLPehsdhl9geogwFWGiCEpZt2+gANURDtizOoUX1cT8BMLhjRlm91ArmOyNUjmqQhBb7Vk+ih7BfpyNxdfrCHTDjO5RAYyBhaTRmAic+g6wCE2+N/BVUBJqikOIxDiSjiNKlsIk4ClKTOfZidJwZgoX0BZ7mcYqcCUzHJMqW29wT0zgQr2w2t9PQAT0kvXvd+gW0/jL+KSQoffnIISLC78vf7x0AChLU0xNy476E7kZiLO9A7TYjDF8dg19wE/k8gA8DABOrkBfY5ckyUFalo4iSSOkChDRdnOVWGx8yhNLMEZHeihFaBixb8QLW+D1drX9IqMjHnV3F2iSXNHQLSiwO5EzSzRYprQ79R1ViPTlK0yoVLAvN6MM5bmXUxoj2he6cLGOjJZfY5F9CmYg3q8bBehp8Y303RIQdwP1tqOvdOoQh/wuDBPcgelsXz57/KV7E9+s5AKxeH1rIqL1Xh62lRmED3oLpn2KcYOnRJ2ft07F5Tnkt+pqfrCncfOWzCdB2EwXm9Bw4o1kRYNxs+EGB6d5VeMnEo99VNGEqhDpceM4iZjrzgJSAvldWKrA1TTcuiadGuplXVyCp8Zu6unurdh2rK+4tEfQJEZE9zhvIdXSPCmjtskhGmTdQzVfha898aV7TPfzfTJ22/gglqsZc7bXXuUTDo4KsegelZA3MAlXErWMF8mno87U6pIEwiSWtFxB47Mx31T3p6Onukt0iGFYBL+knJk9iHrUY6HxsYBfk6uYIdn7mM173McXs8AGMxd+HlHhXfvX/2Yc1Eqk/oBG8p74KnJrLdk6/+2ecrZ0MivospurZwafOYngfaP/dhwv0sSuQD3BZy4yJaskm6LE478HDOVrm6lTqIQ97f63NS39E+hUe1mhd2F9rn5C8HaYzSS1/WeNr7/nTLHfECi+2/4Y8HOVkul7XnJ7syln1PwfbnLIF/LYz+pZZMz01jPve0o8vi0Z54lvwocfed0svOT/cAvQlPng2tl7kFW8WdQew4U4oom2r5BDTJVkVr3XW5OH9ffP8YT8WROHrzCKBcVqRR84LcSN0YIMtc9JNcyQrrrZrm6fyADGgGdnhUs2a+TpLjzK/0kumHHdSLh+LNI1QDJSwDau86MKTI7AAtLCUn4Pj+ObMMeaJXyCksaTDLg34EP99zB5DaB5OtGl9ZyGbArDb62kvKt5bJqrr5F88LP9eop3hWEopCDVfk4cofBSazCkjVZ+/co4WbEzgjBu7smeJgWpjbm6pYrbFG2LHhlZlRBya1HKqdRb+xMjfnog3183OgHwKTdhso4Xu+OOF8l/7bEJErF+DZRtn0PDlbPr+wL9+b053MwIFRlNmYEIPp46W3J75/u8rw+onx9lTv2FDb/Qu0jKsqKmG1yDdky+mhFbx2JNs4ou7xX358FZh8M1sUOUnKU01jU84tEtIX179dZXjdBNhOCUhZcW+vmxHvrDz8KN7Kt4n1NimqDb/V905PnyYO+xjVPddipp8st/w2m77Fthj2UZn1dYbXGeOIXiT8Rls5b68rM1kNiqZFNu3mvSPljqxUxmz1Vq7XV4EZxQBXh7Z5C3klSdzFIJZ7yQWGfBzxOupbUW5Dcb8JmBvK7daFuQNzg0v2H7PRgU6PSGD+AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
, будуть переходити відповідно в
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAB0AAAAZCAYAAADNAiUZAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAHjSURBVEhL7ZbPTsJAEMa/bfYBuCCJF+9IiC+BwNknMGj0KI2JJ0rak6fWG4nW6AuQeCOUB+iVhD93TGxi+wzsOm0hQBSpkXLRvTTZTua33zc703Jd17HrxXcNDHn/0FRd/7c3fXs1rckYCzkSUs54tBFv0R49DMOYv/n1gXgIHNlMhFApbYxwhrwc4XEGlaoD3zwOQdEZtrF4T8V0UhNSDGzGCmO8DXt4Kr7iVNAenUYplHFb9ZHZBm2Wg7sZXUHbAE72yb47VJ6reBc12TIM5VA7kfcUeD7xsW5YLkqT4FSzUkUto2kaC0gymIruTSkCLqf4zteRjWkCXByi9hCYpfkYDES/Y4HdD+G2loCBhzGVsn6wB3hfp257upL8m+GiZbhzqI+JBdSdRfJIvaPCIvXOUVa6bmI9GwPjiRQpAvL72UhQCIQcipfyHZg9WFW/MeXmgAga9DukiEH1fJjNJms0LkXvuogL9oBB7VC2jfbmTD+IoD7Vwj6lejqodHLSBKaKkpPkNXxRohqsXqof5F4bSkoD4ZG39eoR3JVLERc9jcXJW3QshnwtrucuFoc/gYUrdLMSZ2T1NmfsOgE88MY0iSyUc4Djm2GjrwyGNJTzlpuh5o6HHA2GNBifcv6dP4cPsni9vouv8qgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
і
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
області. При цьому струми, обумовлені інжектованими носіями заряду, направлені з
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
в
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
область (рис.2.7, в).
Стаціонарний стан встановиться тоді, коли число створюваних світлом електронно-діркових пар зрівняється з числом носіїв заряду, що ідуть через знижений потенційний бар’єр
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
переходу. Фото-ЕРС, що виникла в
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
переході носить назву вентильної. Отже, освітлений
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
перехід діє як фотоелемент. Для визначення вентильної фото-ЕРС
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
запишемо, рівняння для струму
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, що тече через
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACwAAAAZCAYAAABKM8wfAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAK6SURBVFhH7Za/b9pAFMe/Z/wHsFCqDO0MQWoyZstCCXOkdq5I2jUgVe0QGQFLl+JOiZSQtntgaJeC091rpGDmUgmk2v0TsK/vzkaQH4CTgFSk3GLp+fzuc9/7vndWS6USlmmoywQrWB+AF31iDwo/KHxFgeW0hKYVGWNiKxycB1uigB+iGD3K5fLwzUJOPSyDmkgUFavGXAHMeQ0WdpD0LJwEwLxgwP74XEBK/nkPTdPY6SljMxmqPoMaNTEwcy73Lggx1UGvfYYvz37jlUuxzglTUhl8yNqIzps0yMe54xIDpjGw1Ba+5zz5hWpGSwoaFWB7hY78E7a+ZmG7Oe+gXI6satv8iCbtdm1MusBHRxliRzfYq1I5VBCl7JMYJFceTx8B/eFNp2kJxTFom6yA1vu0hB1ffpoXrBrcEKj+lMIZ/lbTohYu5RevRgx5tN6lIRhGsSRWYn6KoEtsuufNF2BHbZgHY7BODx2ybn64vRvIGv2SEv7/ySQQEubGETDkDazH4PmzRrE4ID0RANvo6iS8Eege7Ng2mtBJdWM95pmT1gkt76yJNn5JhjWprj/7eswHlkoCSdJd+EQcBXjC/ZZ5CVa7uKz6rHXv+t4y8ZpO8zhgkGnGYjvUTYQ1JbBzLpRkKPRsVItFZX//j/vz7WO8UY7Rzq169XLjrhihv3P6JBkbFdfwQ4Y9PIl58KzPHswNrgo1rZrwr4GtZpxXgUEkEud0NnDcNL9agKEJbjnR7uoce9K/fOg+ntygLrWLTJy8cmzxUr8eIYU3XbG5fHYN5qUCmlYgt6QJMV0WLzXk8aKsVBoKqKJlS+3XZRaV/IAfOkMy5/v3fx8q7C508kkrxiGMveh/hvsKopLZqZHr5BPAcKoDSnitqd93kXl+rx6aUWr8/sVLl8Y8cy8k13L+Dy9EigUl/QeqoUy9FPdljAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
перехід:
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAPgAAAAgCAYAAAA/vLVJAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAzqSURBVHhe7Vy9cxvHFX97YE/OROCHMxO5ND9kMZ1YpQlFqElmIvEfkCjJ6gzSCuXCoAEVliyQYGXSIpn8ARELKYUIQE2aQF1siyCcTsyMYeLORdTzdvN27w44gHe4O2BxBzHYGX/Je7v7e+/93u6+fQ9D6XQaBm0ggVQqRYCgHBhAJpPBvzu3VGqNEOyUbtMnSmmeFxyyZDgka6D/13HOg0FxDEwt0vskDwtalpNbcdNneRd0AmWylkopvGM7ZxC2TXAcFHH8WfHGcbQLpwocKmuTkzG2uMj6CQeXm1+7Mvq6O90BwbuwwvNADI5BLa7Q8XwCajTLtjIZV3JzUe1X0wq9XqLKSpWq6/P8j/i+H3kTOAqIo4A4dG8cz6rpmH7jtR7bu6irN8Ty+wKHRe66o1KfMHSmsXYnJnS6rs5qQPAOTfO8EAO0In18gKRYn/cktyWqzH5VqSUq7FHhMqwjsfpi91ML9DEndzYAjmfV2AnHUbwMV/BEUslkaIfmIO0zy1FNIJafT7Ns+2FG8bpEo9ON6dfRWf3VcFY4hmLpZEDwTlXTFTFm+4IY3Ji04jJA4nPw2rlbxRSfTQCMvYAyXeKkiHT3M0iBOBY6w0EQxxRd0isR4+AyZqajOnmCjgrJ7dc80enG0OnSr4qXyZWro2Y0BWBAcL8StPXrnhjP+4IYABr97iAHkzc3oGriE3c/5CshDJgItfF/F6Yn/ru+W8dnIZE8gKrWgQClf6LR7/Od41joExxNjioAuS1xXpi9BmQUnZW+pC+au/iA4B0ZWwBiICuaglF9RQwH8Eylxfuc1MtQUNfh1y9MgrMdKMPtlrvqBhxjn35sDHG8asKhgCKc1g4csn7FEcBRtdoVV8KFy7CQfAnVXwBm4gD8aD8guCzrrBNjBYpaFj54bhJjuQjaRmswqn+JUd57xGC1RvJsDBbGN+HpG8ooLZNdMgOlsiCGrUV6Mm+rucreY4o4lAYOnen0SOB4ffT+4DAclYIOdwUdbhYdLjoqfL9gywVQN6423bcNgeTQ6WYB4oZu6gQ3wvLGU6ho6CHCfOuMen4nawmypgYxHsHx8/twPIfEqBXJytgxKqJ19PCJ4YQlBRoeLowDuNX2qyNKKq6ynVwS8rV1KG3hPXD6Ou/nIKIkXByF+vFelq9sN44zjl8owmi6rz6rDsdSF2o+cPDzVb/gOHvfMRzVCToqtKsX9+E/c6dMP3kl7ErDw5O4bbdpth28rO8SbHzr50TfLfPPQrTEqOd3kpLrmtyJsZGDHws1GN5HYlyfYLnkh/BApI/YW/gGBVDW91r0m6nuk3uJJDv4SWsO+pVLcCeZABWPefPijbwAFfIUbk4D2983cWj/goPcJNxcb8XWa5ofne4pRCG0YacCxwLHoTZHw49e23BMKkz9ycAxZcOhfmfgyEaPgy2NMnRUyLmGuQhHFVfpTi5H/p2vwfoMiS0dHuu55Ytk9Yxdcdlz22rQtk7wTGZfSdXyrDJ6FXLJPNSWpvHZxNJmr5XGgzfRzu+E0G1NmcyW4koMNKDD+Tibnk+R8i6BZEIF5EmM7zwiQKWZBtUhMfg4Vog0yPOUheWoRb8YDWdk7Dk51I1oeD2AyH6DhzgePyjTvfEEsHyN7Ztv5OZTDpD8A7D+rPcWYsyQyTyLpU7y7AyO3yYoBpiUSQww8Wh4PWAFFo5JfW/8Y8BjCds3A1hNODoIavH1dK6PZhwnt6bZQ5Sv4ai0ZkeFDvcuPIUffh9nmIaEdnUbkgsq/OPZ34YWFxcbordsC52ViPvgX2fu4Pg9GuVs4GcTWQqOen4nHE5rqhPDfCayiEGe3hJGP526x6poaR9duQBqsUi1+XmGfWKYVNIVMTRMSgF8t9Y6TjJp1m9mq6Ss5v9Lx/bKBDMqkBg8gLgJZHMTxnJGHD1ZUGGktCWOwDxriqlz9Gt8p13NxtlWSZbmg47TguObUuxB/p2OOBS6Nql8kdL07/OII4c4NpxxUAk4utKHWJaBg793cwmgXVF8tmtyVOIpE+3qkgIxxjS9WiHkoyu/gt/BiI7nbGFX/Ftci7CtGeyXThvpxs0EV9/iFT0Jhdk4lKJQXNTzO9mYy5rqxNi1EyPHPsU3ZfNSKgR8B7VSQYJsAInxN86vMWMsMmIglg0H/W6VRkR2GoE9vajdgrcb38IP9DbMEIiJU0Jpqy4Znqo6c4TPtRg4DPp2HpTCbv1ZzRnHN6VhzE4rYSpt5fSVNlXHUSEwJJJYbDh4qup0BXGgo4wMh3p8Rh9oV7FVdFTjlqP6QtPR4bJk4gEzQzmmXcXQrmqQQx0xhtUBWlF/nE+Q1Sdil8eTjiG9piAbP1IC2YEP8EwZduM7YJTzO+H1WlMzMTZYaTit4E4nhuLHeBhOg6jlwT8rHwONkhheWHh2Wjo9AvMqJ/odgJUPMTg4r+Pqm4JXPFU1PVJCUkSxAxhH4nZ2ksHstHR6GOY1TvQ7xMRxioepliBcOpYejhbH4Y4z37aaHNUNdnWdilRVbktI3BgMf2na1bb4J3e6lyoMTjCLD4PnhlM2m20H12j1CPmdvAgYGHWtJrI+FAnufkNwTm92ZxgVbP5wHJD3mixiYLS57ZKiJgZPauFXBi/9GniEV4qMxO116xOHIHo/41Dpzz8a+ogbqRJNzXJUpe2H4j27XeOpql+is9p+eNbp2giuwtscv2/5u39zr+GbZI234Dapd8Hmd5tbruORsybfcmrp6ITlk3xSPGHyANja2lrDxXo6UcSCZzy/+u10zc4nIYmbAav1FY67XB/IT4pRfdQHt2+DrF76YA19WPdvmTI/u4PzpxG88O/g+dxKW/TwGujp/S7Jx27gMb+IVppHBm7cbhFkqY4noEz8SsNvPycs44lN/HwTMAeFt4aT9XKiEWKRqhP+9BXATv3K2k8/fm/Hfk3n1glTHxO4OWLj/99oqA+z2s5xU2Mh6aO+g2v8fB7gwV/uTokHyDbzi7LMw11qEXylqMGwyxu9OApLcjxBZeLHSIL0ccJyb+4dGzWqv1qCQ+2daJRYzotOeIlpq22104fTkdnSv8bvSwH4FsRu7H0FwUXgonHh97x/829kemXP+bUCXcEnzDd4DhrFJ4PnPk8ZnQqlU5l0M18vv/WUby8nlzg2x1EPTF3wjhNJnFrqUGHiMHfwMi1h4JTszPlOXJDpldFdOM5vVTYd7mCG7bdvzCcBrHwK5eeCgstEqhVIHey8YCnT15addpiYIlWsnQ7GDkPDYRBcq4I4oIedWNw4r7jMr+nFzwhZ2OCpJh+jy/4U32nFa6DvOtlOdeAkE9dSSq+ASseLkPQh6lccCG36fS+xBMHRWt4qSZRShgkRh0FwkczhP8AmBaR9EJf5+VtyKltjeToGx7coVDG/2+s5StraHNeEpZSf8ZocPxVj0lbSMpDpTYIMLxJcWvQbqPotyGS962skuDTjCFYW2pO1iRRfI1fOX2MiwcUJB68awzLdGlaN/d2sGqNGeSs65PqvtPibxeg1ZL+fzdmLCYKM0kVfz/kxv/blZhKu1RPEupjM56duayrvmqWU9CsfFWM+JwvYjSfXBEk0ccVSLwv1U/0WcJE96G6/t87ZikWClYXKXxhPSuEJM+0CavZZ2+PgVWNYpjvBy3SxvFU3y1vLS3AJ0wp9x45tE+IOXqb/xISfIPdvuWLymJ/vpFjZ9HkcWHi5U85rapRSbvqoGJMrpc5HO3TUbx2Lr+q3zmeX9iXeW0uWndru3/7LQqWtpKuBmCeOZayHyRplulN/Msp0/SaUOaxsSC38Be7isSD/x2lW2gqvesx6ZvvkyjvX+a20RDJ5GEq+sJ81AX+/9KoY68oE5Hx8XrD4wuGnLFSOWDsexcJxl9u7gnz7wxQrbTfzTbyNJxesMl2F1cwy3SnjBtA+V9J5aUNjC4zxn+YRHiPEZj2ztZ+fp4pitc21cH5VwGtNfirGUIShytFNZecFix8c4gcX25SFhmjWrlNZSTLjnG98h95+2GQnjfLWiyIrjhGs35+4huWtPzN7dVhQLENYYBBe4Mq2Ovszm2vgrH7/Dqe6zXtNWNnzEivGGgEBkUVsVYyNePymeFDldNPfF5YD9+q3fsHiAwf+4KJ7WWg3MpT5rT1JhueXn21qHcd4vby1hmW62wESt86O2pe/yWY94XDPvLkc9v3bXa2iQmwkzWujRSfrv62KMZkG0euxrGo3t+q3Xs8vbXyRm26UtzqVhUqbp9cDidx0jmMJy3TJEKZiY3nrdtez9iXB8WFe5zXuV/EHBwpqdPW6XUt3MEDvJVB5Te+0KQvt/QIkzWDDgWnIPKddylWvLwlu3xlDe/eWpKfBMOFKwCir7OeyUH/ysOPw++TmZ+S+JLifhQ/6DCQwkIC3BAYE95bRoMdAAu+tBP4HphK1jjYmPq4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
2.18
Тут щільність струмів неосновних носіїв заряду при освітленні
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
і
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, як видно з рис.2.7, в рівні своїм значенням в рівновазі:
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAEoAAAAgCAYAAAC1v+5NAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAVYSURBVGhD7Vk9UxtHGH72UB8VEcJkJnYZjyChND9AWKlc8A8crMRdDuwhbo6RmpAMQuo0EXImf0AzIQ1I1+daJuYgpSmise6a5AdoN+/uSYeQTrqLcrJgxlswAvbd3efh/XpeEoVCAR9WOAOJ8C3eDsMwGBh9EECxWKSv45dh7DFGGwsh+6LefRv2RSJKkiQck79kTTx2DyRJ2qTH23V0GWy2Zxia3BxG7G0gIuwNoURJkhxzhy81c+jwA1EtFieSJC9stAsa37S4ttPmTikrfyR98U6vUKLgmvyHUyKplI1EUp+NYqOtdXKXYr+1hhKRfde9aiJR0ptccxvIvUIUTxp2mdRaDkgfw+Zb/K57VYhHufzstIyHTw/R7rGgkjpFEmMCQqV0+Vkmefp+OB+l1pDTT9B273TUqceHh94IRoebLyQ5OzDdAywf94jaNuEeBuWjMq6cwzvPlE+UV/69DkAt8hADo65g1/cFdjusyb/H1fFLXK1zwTsm205fIZiP+eXxIEzTtiwDHmV364yWDCFJWN0GthYpmlRg+avRTmpGyhFH5Qr+bHXwUYOq4OY9UdEf4JXqsoaW0HF/EX7ovl/XCsA0ZQX2iSoWG5rRaYrLxQ2U9SY6WxlBlUp7ntPF6V/uzcplW8izGs6zKZHJGsyuM+g5BylgQf4V/QrnnuG08hCU4iY2qLMiLwhTtdiY6rqRHCUo+PTcml/lqHIJlj5m573K1a+ErPYVGkRkxngu2pfAZ48+hmOa3M1mVUPa67/Amt+pfVO9LiajYUzTHHuTKOctytDRWkvBsrzjilVL223+zdN1m4k9gxkGVcKTsvj2Swo0rxSqcpdf1XDZcpAkUqSEEc46/5Ga1N2DlKj2zprmgf/bJgDTNGfeSOYyhMCOsEwxNLiqVlJ12gyvu6Z7KKxkQUtaVY/IYlVDsgClrXs/kxJm5QLCoSo4Tf81DZAgG+nV4zD91zsGPMrl7QviSb8Pyr0jOUV22oVCkrgoht4hJUwhaRFJ0V1JCemoBTKoZwt81WRMoUAGNgwQ5eBtGdBJcszDC6QXRn74dc8Wkvviw3RNlKxklMiPKO76XXjkh8ewUXlh5NFYRG+NEZNPlCvjjhL5vHqeWYRenJgUUSrpHfmJfC49T9yhFzemnkfZ3MrLgrc+t54n/tALxhQkazzPCBD6svPpTXQ9otw2VOANxN3YKcGAcQypaXZHBGDyLjvnJNWkliWlRh92SMyXvsCZEvrbaDklfPJbfyJyBBvPFIseUaopG07k/SnBeOPZoYzh5EBMgF3/HBen7yA2FhdoKNndPl6GU9+HJ/TTeLxUQe0NCX1uszpbgWUropAYjOX1DESjJ4WupwTjjWOAM5MjxmGSl2XWa6KyusRY8x0/3MhqXmglhRL6FR3NTkn2ihoym3Ig4L+PPMrmv+fJ1Ybykz8lmGA8E5SxHBqMyUsnWOD8Sdd8kWZl1LiNLS9ByVZCz8EhVZKV+5wWLkn4P+05T8Jp/YyvKTabTzLCqg4p6xDjWDDFeEi/xfjm0T+BmGiszX+9VyJduqhx/obXDn+R01fhj7zFpzJ1URa2+eulHESzI/qCPpF+LIRMYMrdBlYU4xgxxnJUv8UYh8m5Kov8BskPoKtpq0InEd8m3FmagJydVMAqFaTL3oBb/o70rM9JgvSbFqzf5JRgsnEs6GI8ZLDFCMI00oL0RDxVM5JvP+EP/gwrDAtqnub/znvghJl5uHGMGOd7lG2JPAk47DygcXZWas4RDTmeqAjG80UX3+3eZETNicZOPMYSFcU4vqfe/pOm+HfV7Qc1ixd+ICoiq/8CyWgbiS5HrUUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
2.19
Щільності струмів основних носіїв заряду при освітленні
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
і
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
в результаті зниження потенційного бар’єру на
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
збільшуються і стають рівними:
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
2.20
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
2.21
Об’єднуючи вирази (2.19 – 2.21), отримаємо:
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
2.22
Або
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
2.23
звідки маємо:
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
2.24
Рівняння (2.24) є рівнянням фотодіода для будь-якого режиму.
Для визначення вентильного фото-ЕРС
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, яка відповідає напрузі на затискачах розімкненого ланцюга, необхідно покласти
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Тоді
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
2.25
Значення
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
визначається числом надлишкових носіїв заряду, створених світлом і тих, що дійшли до
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
переходу. Якщо через
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
позначимо число фотонів, що падають кожної секунди на одиницю поверхні, через β - квантовий вихід, тобто кількість електронно-діркових пар, що виникають на один фотон, а через γ – долю непрокомбінованих пар носіїв заряду, що прийшли до
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
переходу, то
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
2.26
Цей вираз справедливий для випадку, коли все світло, що падає на напівпровідник поглинається. Враховуючи (2.26) вираз (2.25) прийме вигляд:
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAALMAAAAnCAYAAABE43mmAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAABCMSURBVHhe7VxNUBvZdj7dbW1HpMZiMFP1eEtLsjG7Z2aVRUB4kZqkJszL1ubH9g40U+NxlUt+aBUnYOQVeQJjb2Ng4VkECZyqrCxYBSMhvLSnyoqQ3gLNVu/ezndvS62WaEkNEj8O9IJC0v3rc0+f+52fry9NTU3RxXW2JeD1Pla/p1c0tbvLz/ZKj291Ia9XVb4neqUP0244bCuHS8c3/dkb2RCIkMgr0oeHKVxHKGdl5aFQSF1aUuhqQWFEPmzgrnZW1tZsHeW1C3HLCzJv6WH0FYqqSupVrtNwKKTZ7d25UmbyF4qKQiptdFB+mMTTbSpHKORVl/Dol2VftVmtbkSzna/3u77H3Bsq9Xq3+VRm5bNSZL20diLOVVVR9X0veUPDWj2rahVB1V6UZB9eyWhsu5tprh/V/8xMMzwsBxT6fCmzb9SVjI6xxZ4+mguHq5Uj38ES0HTSda4qiirPsdL/esGHD7v48eQucYokF67QLV+Spj59PoosJaTn2PoPWLsfa59a0UKh7/QFZZE6/mEGJww5kKOv+BseANKJ1N8qshcKnV0l1nVlQd1iYwfGOl/KTHmWSSvk7ffQqMUSv3oFqeUX+Gw0Rfqoz5VfD7KvPo7Qn2AN7/cX9H+hTqLMCSoy1qYn99mNG/OU5H6+El45uckdzlR9kr2qwrL6zmsKRKKUwtr95Fd1PUm6MBQw0xJ+4H/hA5Txb3ksfEG7u2EeDkPusQldid+i7Iifz1nuf27DrW1H7+rXF27Sf2Asq6U/Z8qco4+RSep5KOTqYwVhJmAACn7i4eWMNkXL+Oa+vrUaoclbaAQF9nzt5V7ynKQuw7J52UJvLwXX9mil9gRxqGzH2UycGnzPzTYBYoEiuKIkVHduWEypCGXdWVBIgWFILyku73d77L9+6qPxKKDSXFj7u3v9uuin8H3ywobsoo+ec7MN7IPXB+i3S7DkXjU1/z1NBh4ePEExif/bOAW/6qX9fl4FN86XMuczlJ4I0N9/ybEHkAqEOhnL8syyBXLkt2gVCn/roYcSCSKh5Ph7nLpRNbZQhvxakMYVWLYBD1/BGs7SJdanp+bZpSubFN9jfNpDrtS8yl6+e0hfyIUap190xE++BBVdrie0mvkr6V8pLlhcSr8j/oBtq1fVa7SRHiOhuMmFIVLie5RZKe+Dj22M4wRN1TEinj4+FFTUgcV1+vbpoAk3zpUy57dWKRJ5Rs8iOnEdyqIzytRavtwHmp0cIugyPx09yrOt2Ky0bGfRKhPl2JvFcZqIZWmwU3GxbJy9vBekQNbDxcNP+h59iATp9zjYVjJTGsv26z90LtDX3MC4K4mEFhq4r/dMEn0UzVMF1vc+TtlRD58rCzz3idJ4mPE88BUbhBUOz2mh21FduRajrZ8HzWfdVGYZyzRd+YN4phJhMXDNWbIWTtYiLMCOOLriOZrpfk3qNZxxuMSRuYQwncBe5hHpTdkeb3bzVORWjRudrMm2Tf5/aHUWli3lh6VqjJVrseaR5zxMx/w7imF9z551i15F15U4rWanaQAWWupieoPGJwOUKxuDy1foKgUoASt88MrR+sv3FHswClxsWGWxBzmcTJHoCHU0glj+fooqYxTb+pmeoo8I1ZnK7PtNZYrC4cAD76i/kR9oCHgGE/ilZ6kgvidA/EZHnrstIa3DyOF02/pYonR0kf8bHlX86tvUCHBaB+vIl8J0CCd9ShP9+Y6POq75q5yLemv3F0iG+3R9gzoQ7xPW56j3WYYYszRJaw18znIMl/Ntto/J3uMGsCdHnveQ6wVG/rO6VRyhXk1zFbe9THvyhudmBooYR8tnIMCrf6BORXHhs3r3ZoHuqnBkbaysnviF1gIP6AtgaXMNiISIk2li6GfyjlY7eNXr7OSw7upY7B09HByQVt9UZv9IluI7nTQIvBjPjtBy6akIh5e1UDaupzsHaTaaJHdi7rOJd1bdfD6Dh1MeXUiWLGv/FCXmv67R+PwOTWUMYaafd/HALP6Z/ZHWcjNyc5pt9DKO0mT0sX5t3Evdnmatm/1uQAxS5uuOJZ0vnmMdmyq5/vmGfAqDzYZt8LtMJOF3p0mk8FxCux19zK5p42LUorbRz6fcK9pcOCHxb2r+j6TceyaiakJ+1BUgvpYbsYFMCt1731MNL9A+/+ZJaQ+e0K0GeyCgxndeRaexD7Q3Y9ygBTPD0xdyDA5Rnw1e1PHgR/ubH30tyPVYu4pNcCNzj4dUziOUUGbyMyKCYVzmd/g/MefM6TPgi5BbjwjgtQi/jD2gRmMhE6ZpT6AgjNjtBVW5Znd8OxdlvmODUWxIJJHE5ci6CyxsVkFkrFBIOG4whrkZIT/TEByQpY5THoZle3rgAJybS7gxtlFi0WwPOgXwpnFAmNEaZRaePr6aHLJJKAinSHjXsGpNYJxzKf6/aSngC+S2VpFbLY4epiUys4uNUunYA0A7UrzddTG7SBxMTbnlRg98120A/7NyCR1SvIQwfsNLxqHp95Rr8eH3dHvl0/c+8xcBsyyWWSgsfprHWWnND5SdIuxWGyzPWZF6G9chjYBCPshttFRL4SuoTFURMeEF8sEG6dxHBVFYAIvEE24yQrL2VlBo52TPySZp2iaN3Ec+O9lDMozf4EpvjHPE3Rw72XWH6uyBdwGIVGogYYapsMBqQBI11lfEDSF5X31r0TZh2AxUHWVpMtNpFBBZTi0gvmLHBo7HEcbZtoAAafqUekMvbvxKdxi+2xHfDdEvI3XQSO4jDEprGPg496LZ2PLUcGegpI2DmhKmUPuymrMfcySASQkzlxQWT9UB3CeSCA5DRc1u9ii/i2iB435GAZG4Djhujx8/RrqqtQtYrkoLa08t4ZSQAcyJJASI0NDLW7THRmToKSS/QwbylAyvnWG4G4dtEycGskhVMqpjGNohx6PsQq3s7cYoKXOOPsAkWHGf2Vhai8ahoqMszmkfq1PWvE+ikVVw/lDUn6jmIbE/tcohNlLgDD0wnJzKd76mUQ9vDdRrft/OWvhsDEP3UASdI9T9TPp+FRnVNwztkKOzBVe3ahpZMpR5JwGf0B4vo+hGYAz6GhGOo6yg1T7tghl4spsK49BrrXtqlbJ48DMqkaHKd61HPQ69UtmhKgpRGkIUUnUimpGdqY0s2BuGY5Hj0W7nQC+pzPmM8KHtjj9swKqRWi3Hnds0r+Nh2gUzHE94mIbSabY7texOugann2VOYR93MzIJcnE5lEA5nmjGmRXhdVsCPSJ+qu8htRqRqVUU4xiA3WRrWCeyFK/blQYOLy2RZHiUyv5qPzcq2G4jzHAoGufNdkRMrpTgCKEcYAkylKl+u5PO8p0oP1WW6CDzosY7d76S89vSGv2RyuzpG+JBJaAGXt8heAHSUXr0KMkWr9xA1i/Fp6xVZWW2BggbqF03CtlRvB4Ci4AQT9VRGijK+RCPwm8FVZT5geGBFCg6kJEmzyN9ZZS3WtPmn+OG4CYmfkeX4TztIBxX+MYoYZQpXeDlWkdPoQn63WVU7O0UGBW+qUuDKnvndhKx0pEe/WNUNsE+lJy3NtWHfCZbocuTsRL9kcossmPTqSib8V8XHyXA17TrPLiGkEdN+lqURCajpL+9WaTx68jNJ6NMW8zwPGo4PORTF7qu0dUkUuX4LRNLs67nOyh4Nxgeb2/eJj9y9oxlWWxihn4dqaTNPxP5VS0TGShOYwHqgkTnUzqSiUbWK/dxlou4PPAymUEqfz+P0hgFjMZIoS8fxPCebvKWzkyhtPYcRSP8J/eoF/FaXLOBrtK+ibi2rBE+jH9wKr5QO/b7LxIeo1S05DCbMEMWp9cytRNzdee82yvqSFA1legnepp2/Tfy48M7CTYuTPAN47euADY1eIuEoosvzD6ubglpUBj1WV/W1Ctqcc17kY6Wu9qBEuwJcIhkPBTlcHXuG8UzqNOl9CchM1uKUTn8Z0+qz4gaiEPJVN5DzVqdDHDa5GAZFp3Hk68EzRPwyPXMUVhfUUwd6k/owA9MWARxKRMx+t+ng/TvMhyF8sqlffA0YK3QxuwTuq+v/9Ap61kvrooEhKLeD0zqyiDqdB9W6nTPpIwEW1pUC9qQg52ut4rBfeiEF8KigqaC2vNyxOjQyiyeyNR+Bac9uhunSWWN4IBzPxyYYCSgvr7zV4nhHt1bY5ubRH87bDiXOv548UQJ1bZ+dsLYdSqgz70d/BcKKoP0Iff0bN+Kf9S1XY8c7Hjl+eLfbKK8WLTfPMiYbziMIAEgmRe01MQcWpkFXf86alNLsKyodQUkthZVUgIfCuyt+CVkK2pPSNS5kie9QJ2yYvA57eijxfx6uczP+HxIjOdYVE4aNiJmOunf9jagBAUANQbf7tCrGsJm2+dqacAyOfgyuWG4ZKyqREitWFzDIa0UWlU7qJIx8lNMn3j6K43YVNA1Wp4uokOAGGswy5LhguvQytwMW1f/XsGNBh7PlEow3YCP1s8tSfXInQ1iZgfbsBAzWy2wP/JiSh0NqBEE1HiL4nQ/Eydpq2MeS39pGSeo50GaflVRWIWjNgGSQIdYLwrsRb01qBwGYcFjFFopsvDKILGW15R/F6MI/CoUJzl2RMuEVyVoTUodQZmPRTCnMKiwHmQhZs54lkDM/CN7sfXw1BMWnoHbfF65ri6uf2tSgk5BRI2nFPQopMGVbj8lUUSVXQ+qX6Hg50/olX/zC1cebKvRmUU5Rn49w/tBYo1qMgxjKm0zFna9Bei5L9jiXZWiyeqs5aEt85kT6pEXlGfrVcTMNfYCxMyhMjHzyOO23lG+NyIe1McCr+m2zctOWp+h9RFELF1BjXsSRVTIHbhSHyIsKFisqB+eS2S0UF9GD5Zqmz0DA67LqQX2IvZtDYG4moXtBPLJl+O8vkXPgiDBAu7OWQJD51eZUVchiJkRk5gZAzFzpkLMbH2/WxrBM/CArwW71BviZSdecOHOEInYtKggBwsGuR9vLBIMkwBYrPv7pbWKArVSbbMOmteblwrdmfbwZWt1aIWFTX4/XmGQQ8DAhHwbai3kk1lpvBynry+IvRowSbBlQZ9fZcZxJ4iZ2yBmXhfEzKQgZq6bxMyWNLENnaVzNL3N5rVedXM1w2a8IW3qzCh0zXstJEPmKv3hSwRgO/IyPi7rfUBs/ZLv0HPXC+rJTnNrfY/Jwjbxcr745l/jNIh3bEzjHRs7CwtFxcJYKfs3P/VtUgxjWWlZ516ZRdbzDoiZ/jIxM/ENiJnLkph5Vi4BN0LIloqY/Iw35YhgeyJrL5GD71SIHMDB42BrvxdEYKQ9VwiUJk6DvaSNz+P9JNM2hNYcexeLIKdWeWvR/QDeI9f9XH1XvMN2R0erX7IouI9dBW4/lnHX59kyVxFYrcTWE1EIh5OYGb+6WUOHA7WxWZkcXM42Gp+N7GaZhGpwFY2IlTUrab4mYe8mxfCymKGHxstj5PtLBobxUpn14o+XLqlXk7wqA2qMhzLWBhnOc63Mbdzfi6EcS8CoLdG+r+QnRNd8xz5z73FSuga1bDzI/g1ZOON1X86vC2V2LquLlm2QQFVtiaX2J/dxnAcGjXdxdMWH4Lt4EBU53IQXynw4eV20PiYJVLNgGtLf6q7gQpmPaXMuhj15CVwo88nL/GLGY5LAhTIfk2Avhj15CfwflzeMae/KGNQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
2.27
При високому рівні освітлення, коли
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, маємо:
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
2.28
При низькому рівні збудження, коли
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, користуючись розкладанням в ряд, отримаємо
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
2.29
тобто вентильна фото-ЕРС при низькому рівні збудження пропорційна інтенсивності світла.
Отримані залежності вентильної фото-ЕРС від інтенсивності збуджуючого світла достатньо добре узгоджуються з експериментальними даними, як це видно з рис.2.8 та 2.9, на яких проведені вольт-амперна та люкс-амперна характеристики для германієвого фотодіода в вентильному режимі. З рис.2.8 виходить, що малим струмам відповідає граничне для даного освітлення значення фото-ЕРС.