Dutch still lifes were often intended to appeal to the eye and the palate at once. Some are crowded with an unappetizing profusion of fruit or game, but the most tasteful and tasty are those restricted to the makings of between-meals snacks (they are traditionally referred to as 'breakfast pieces'). White wine, a bit of seafood or ham, lemon, pepper, and salt are the subjects, along with polished silver, crystal goblets and a rumpled tablecloth. The spectator is tantalized not only by the delicacy with which the carefully selected objects arc painted, but also by the expensive carelessness with which a lemon has been left partly peeled and a silver cup overturned.
Willem Heda (1599-1680/82) was the master of still life. In his Still Life, despite limitations of subject matter, he demonstrates an unexpected eloquence in the rendering of golden light, as well as sensitivity in establishing the precise relationships between transparent, translucent, reflecting, and mat surfaces - a silent drama of pure sense presented in the style of a Caravaggio religious scene against the typical background of nowhere, fluctuating between shadow and light.
Make sure you know how to pronounce the following words:
Hobbema ['hobim@]; Hals [h{ls]; Cuyp [kaip]; Ruisdael [PraIzdÓl]; Haarlem [PhÓl@m]; genre [PÆÓnr@]; burlesque [býPlesk]; fluctuate [Pflök¶ueit]; eloquence [Pel@kw@ns]; palate [Pp{lit]; horizon [h@Praizn]; tantalise [Pt{nt@laiz]; monochrome [Pmon@kr@um]
TASKS
I. Read the text. Make sure you understand it. Mark the following statements true or false.
1. Jan van Goyen placed figures to a dominant position.
2. Heda's still-lifes are referred to as "breakfast pieces".
3. De Hooch represented genre scenes of the lower classes life.
4. Jacob van Ruisdael was the best Dutch landscape painter.
5. To this day a "Jan Steen household" is the Dutch expression for the harmony of the perfect bourgeois household.
6. One of the greatest Dutch landscapes is the Avenue at Middelbarnis by Meyndert Hobbema.
II. How well have you read? Can you answer the following questions?
1. What system produced the "little masters"? In what did they specialize? Were all the "little masters" of high quality?
2. What was Jan van Goyen famous for? What did he like to paint? What is Van Goyen's masterpiece? What is depicted in this picture?
3. What did Jacob van Ruisdael paint in 1670? What is this landscape noted for? How is the immensity of the space increased?
4. What did Albert Cuyp paint in 1650? How did he intensify the space?
5. What is represented in the Linen Cupboard? How did De Hooch render the religious order of the bourgeois life? What did the painter show by means of pictures on the wall?
6. What kind of picture is the World Upside Down? What does it demonstrate?
7. What do Dutch still lifes depict? Who was one of the chief practitioners of Dutch still lifes ? What did he demonstrate in his paintings? What did he establish?
III. i. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
genre scenes; a sense of composition and colour; translucent browns; still life; polished silver; the harmony of the bourgeois household; to establish the relationships between transparent and mat surfaces; vantage point; to be of extremely high quality; the realm of space and light; to appeal to the eye and the palate; to determine the mood of the scene; the celestial architecture of shifting clouds; dashing brushwork; windmills and spires; breakfast pieces; to make pictures lively; housemaid; a monochromatic vision; moralizing picture; carved and inlaid cabinet; according to the compositional principles; sketchy touches of the brush; to handle figures with conviction and power; burlesque; religious scenes; riverscapes; seascapes; travelscapes; hunting scenes.
ii. Give English equivalents of the following phrases:
оживить картину; стремительные мазки; царство пространства и света; система открытого рынка; "завтраки"; начищенное серебро; жанровая живопись; дорожный пейзаж; переместить сцену на кухню; моралистическая картина; морские битвы; эскизные мазки; специализироваться по отдельным видам тематики; шумные сцены в таверне; небесная архитектура движущихся облаков; чувство композиции и цвета; одноцветная картина; прославлять гармонию буржуазного быта; натюрморт; возродить поздне-готический бурлеск; резной инкрустированный комод; великолепная панорама; место, дающее хороший обзор.
iii. Make up sentences of your own with the given phrases.
iv. Arrange the following in the pairs of synonyms:
a) remote; to fluctuate; shimmering; burlesque; transparent; celestial;
b) to wave; distant; glowing; parody; translucent; heavenly.
IV. Here are names of the "Little Masters". Match them up to the titles of the paintings. Describe these works of art.
1. Pieter De riooch
2. W i I lem С laesz Heda
3. Jan van Goyen
4. Jan Steen
5. Aelbert Cuyp
6. Meyndert Hobbema
7. Jacob van Ruisdael
a. Landscape with Cattle
b. Still Life
c. Avenue at Middelbarnis
d. A View of Haarlem
e. The World Upside Down
f. Linen Cupboard
g. River Scene
V. Translate the text into English and Figures.
Станковая живопись - основное достижение голландского искусства XVII в. Бытовая живопись стала одним из ведущих жанров. В истории искусства создатели этого жанра называются "малыми голландцами". Голландцы хотели видеть в картинах весь мир. Каждый состоятельный (well-to-do) голландец считал картину лучшим украшением своего жилища. Большой спрос и связанная с этим конкуренция вызвали специализацию художников по отдельным видам тематики: одни писали портреты, другие - жанровые сцены, натюрморты, пейзажи: городские, сельские, дорожные. Расцвет пейзажной живописи в голландской школе относится к середине XVII в. Крупнейшим мастером реалистического пейзажа был Якоб ван Рейсдал.
Наивысшего расцвета достиг натюрморт. Виллем Хеда чаще всего изображает "завтраки": блюда с окороком или пирогом на скромно сервированном столе. С течением времени "завтраки" Хеды сменяются роскошными "десертами" Калфа. На смену простой утвари приходят мраморные столы, ковровые скатерти, серебряные кубки, хрустальные бокалы.
VI. Summarize the text.
VII. Topics for discussion.
1. Dutch landscape.
2. Dutch genre painting.
3. Dutch still-life.
Recognized today as one of the most brilliant of all portraitists, Frans Hals was probably born in Antwerp and was brought to Haarlem as a child. Interested in human face and figure, Hals was blessed with a gift for catching the individual in a moment of action, feeling, perception, or expression and recording that moment with unerring strokes. Among his early commissions were group portraits of the militia companies that had been largely responsible for defending the new Dutch republic in the hostile world; these paintings radiate its self-confidence and optimism. Hals usually shows the citizen-soldiers in the midst of the banquets. The compositions, picturing a dozen or more males, mostly corpulent and middle-aged, each of whom had paid equally and expected to be recognizable, were not conductive to imaginative painting. The predecessors of Hals had composed these group portraits in alignments hardly superior compositionally to a modern class photograph. It was the genius of Rembrandt to raise them to a level of high drama. But Hals in his Banquet of the Officers of the Saint George Guard Company, of 1616 has a superb job within the limitations of the traditional type. The moment is relaxed, the gentlemen turn toward each other or toward the painter as if he had been painting the whole group at once, which was not certainly the case. Massive Baroque diagonals - the curtain pulled aside, the flag, the poses, the ruffs - tie the picture together into a rich pattern of white and flashing colours against the black costumes. Broad brushstrokes indicate the passage of light on colour with a flash and sparkle unknown even to Rubens.
The warmth of Hals's early style is seen in The Laughing Cavalier. The date 1624 and the subject's age 26 are inscribed in the background, and since the Cavalier's diagonal shadow also falls on it, it is clearly a wall. The Caravaggesque nowhere is thus converted into a definite here. The wall is irradiated with light and seems insubstantial. The armours proclivities of the young man are indicated by the arrows, torches and bees of Cupid and the winged staff and hat of Mercury embroidered in red, silver and gold on the dark brown of his slashed sleeve, with his glowing complexion, dangerous moustaches, snowy ruff and dashing hat, the subject is the symbol of Baroque gallantry. The climax of the painting is the taunting smile on which every compositional force converges.
The opposite of this glittering portrait is the sombre Malle Babbe, of about 1630-33. Nobody knows who the old creature was or the meaning of her nickname. Often called an "old crone" she might be from forty to sixty years old. Hals has caught her in the midst of a fit of insane laughter. Possibly she is a town idiot and the owl on her shoulder is a symbol of foolishness. The expression seized in a storm of strokes is rendered with a demonic intensity.
About 1664 when he was past 80, Hals showed a still different side of his character and ability in the Regentesses of the Old Man's Almshouse. Painted almost entirely in black and white and shades of grey, this solemn picture is united by diagonal movements. The painter had only devastated faces and white collars of the women as component elements. Each of the subjects has reacted in a separate way to age and experience, yet all participate in a calm acceptance of the effects of time. In its simplicity the composition shows an expressive depth unexpected in the generally excited Hals.
Make sure you know how to pronounce the following words:
Hals [h{ls]; Haarlem [PhÓl@m]; Antwerp [P{ntwýp]; cavalier [k@v@Pli@]; banquet [Pb{nkwit]; regentess [PrÖdÆ@ntis]
NOTES
Banquet of the Officers of the Saint George Guard Company - "Портрет офицеров гильдии святого Георгия "
The Laughing Cavalier - "Портрет молодого офицера"
Malle Babbe - "Мале Бабе"
Regentesses of the Old Man's Almshouse - "Регентши приюта для престарелых"
TASKS
I. Read the text. Mark the following statements true or false
1. Today Hals is recognized as the most brilliant portraitist.
2. Hals shows citizen-soldiers in the midst of the banquets.
3. Malle Babbe is a glittering portrait.
4. The warmth of Hals's early style is seen in the Regentesses of the Old Man's Almshouse.
5. The Laughing Cavalier is the symbol of Baroque gallantry.
6. The subjects of the Regentesses of the Old Man's Almshouse participate in a calm acceptance of the effects of time.
II. How well have you read? Can you answer the following questions?
1. What gift was Hals blessed with?
2. What were Hals's early commissions? Why were not Hals's portraits conductive to imaginative painting? How did Hals's predecessors compose their group portraits? Who could raise group portraits to a level of high drama?
3. What is the Banquet of the Officers of the Saint George Guard Company noted for? What has Hals pictured in this work of art? What ties the picture together?
4. Where is the warmth of Hals's early style seen? How old is the subject? What makes the subject the symbol of Baroque gallantry? How did Hals interpret the Caravaggesque nowhere?
5. What is the opposite of The Laughing Cavalier? When was it painted? Whom has Hals depicted in it?
6. In what painting did Hals show a different side of his character? How old was he at that time? What did the painter show in this work?
III. i. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
to catch the individual in a moment of action; group portraits in alignments; unerring strokes; a moment of perception; to be blessed with the gift; effects of time; to radiate one's self-confidence; Caravaggesque nowhere; a slashed sleeve; sketchy brushstrokes; armours proclivities; a taunting smile; to be irradiated with light; snowy ruff; a dashing hat; devastated faces; to be conductive to; the predecessors of the painter; show the citizen-soldiers in the midst of the banquets; to raise the portraits to a level of high drama; to tie the picture together; a glittering portrait; militia companies; a solemn picture; component elements.
ii. Give English equivalents of the following phrases:
опустошенные лица; быть наделенным даром; широкие мазки; сияющий портрет; лихо заломленная шляпа; круглый плоеный жесткий воротник; стрелковые гильдии; предшественники художника; след времени; полные, средних лет мужчины; связать картину воедино; насмешливая улыбка; изображать стрельцов в разгар веселого застолья; склонность к военному искусству; сиять самоуверенностью; групповой портрет, построенных в шеренгу людей; рукав с разрезами; эскизная манера письма; поздний период творчества; поднять на уровень драмы.
iii. Make up sentences of your own with the given phrases.
iv. Arrange the following in the pairs of synonyms:
a) strokes; radiate; traditional; indicate; predecessor;
b) conventional; precursor; brushwork; shimmer; show.
IV. Here are descriptions of some of Hals's works of art. Match them up to the given titles.
1. The model was caught in the midst of a fit of insane laughter.
2. The painter had only devastated faces and white collars of the figures as component elements.
3. The climax of the painting is the taunting smile.
4. Broad brushstrokes indicate the passage of light on colour with a flash and sparkle unknown even to Rubens.
a. The Laughing Cavalier
b. Banquet of the Officers of the Saint George Guard Company
c. Regentesses of the Old Man's Almshouse
d. Malle Babbe
V. Translate the text into English.
Франс Халс - крупнейший портретист Голландии XVII в. Халс написал серию групповых портретов. Это в основном изображения членов добровольных стрелковых гильдий города Гарлема. "Портрет офицеров гильдии святого Георга" (1616) является одним из лучших. Яркие краски, непринужденное расположение фигур - нравились современникам Халса. С полотен смотрят плотные, уверенные в своих силах люди средних лет. Халс изображает их обычно в товарищеской пирушке. Групповые портреты Халса - одно из высших достижений голландской живописи.