Чешко В.Ф. - High Hume (Биовласть и биополитика в обществе риска) (стр. 75 из 77)

(a) appearance of child, arising up as a result of gene-reproductive technologies, as a rule, is the mean of achievement of purpose, unconnected directly with appearance of new personality and, consequently, must be examined as conflicting with the norms of humanism ethics;

(b) the use of gene-reproduction technologies does possible appearance of new valuable personality which otherwise in general would not born or its existence would not be valuable and deserving; thus, use of such technologies has ethics justified.

3. Eco-genetic dilemma:

(c) removal by the gene engineering genes, reducing viability and adjusted of their transmitters, from the gene pool provides more high level of adjusted to the existing presently ecological (and in the case of Homo sapiens – and socio-cultural) environment and, consequently, ethics justified;

(d) removal of separate genes from the gene pool, conduces to diminishing of level of genetic variety, reduces adaptive potential in regard to the future changes of environment of dwelling and, consequently, impermissible.

4. Eugenic dilemma:

(c) society has a right to influence on the reproductive choice of the members, so far as it provides a right for future members society on quality of life, deserving man and, consequently, ethics justified;

(d) every extraneous pressure, violates rights for future parents on individual freedom, and future children – on the «opened future» and, consequently, impermissible.

5. Legal dilemma:

(c) use of cells of genetically modified or selected human embryos – unique from the ways of treatment of many inherited and uninherited pathologies known presently and, consequently, ethics justified;

(d) use of cells of genetically modified or selected human embryos in that case, when it is carried out after the beginning of forming of human personality, violates a fundamental right for every human creature – on life and, consequently, impermissible.

6. First bio-political dilemma:

(e) genetic information about every concrete individual is substantial from point of safety and health, persons related to him and, consequently, ethics justified;

(f) genetic information about every concrete individual must be examined as confidential (“secret of personality”), as gives it a possessor instrument of manipulation stranger fates and can serve as the mean of limitation of de jure or de facto of political rights for the transmitters of certain genes; access to this information impermissible.

6. Second bio-political dilemma – anthropological:

(a) everybody has a right on a removal from his genome of those factors which reduce the level of bio-social adaptation him or his descendants; such actions are ethics justified;

(b) a genome of man is «property of the humanity» as a single biological species and his modification depending on economic qualification or in accordance with ethno-cultural, professional etc. unit admits criteria, as conduce to the loss of identity of humanity.

Man as subject and object of the guided evolution. Expression «evolution, guided a man» is entered in a scientific vocabulary by N.Vavilov. Charles Darwin removed Creator from explanation of evolution, demonstrate that a natural process can conduce to the same results, what creative activity. The Vavilov idea of goes in retrogrades – from natural to artificial: A man assumes the duties of God, undertakes responsibility for the fate of Universe. Among the authors of idea of the guided evolution is needed to mention next Julian 339. Huxley, John Haldane and yet a number of scientists and philosophers, offerings similar ideas.

Now we dispose powerful, well developed and relatively accessible set of “tools” of constructing of organisms with the beforehand planned set of inherited, including unknown before signs.

Question about the future of biological type of Homo sapiens (a man is reasonable) passes from the sphere of the philosophical reasoning’s and science fiction in the sphere of practical ethics and policy.

To informational technologies it is necessary to take any methods of reconstruction of objects realities, based on a change the information contained in them. The technology does our genetic constitution and maintenance of our consciousness by article of rationalistic control and management. Technologies of change of genetic code (genetic engineering) and of manipulation by individual (changes of mental code) and mass (changes of socio-cultural code) consciousness simultaneously are technologies of the guided evolution.

Their second name – HI-HUME of technology(by analogy with HI-TECH technologies). The object of HI-TECH technologies is the outer world, Macrocosm, by the article of HI-HUME technologies – human, in the end subject, Microcosm.

From other side, maintenance of term technologies of the guided evolution appears wider, than HI-HUME of technology, as they plug in itself the evolution of the systems, existence not necessarily implies the presence of human as a carrier of adaptive information.

Once in human consciousness due to a Machiavelli intellect the division of model of reality («ideal appearance of the material world») happened on two constituents - “that is” and - “as must be”. Speaking a modern language, the split of life happened on physical and virtual realities. Essence of the so-called progress consists in «pulled» up “that is” by intellectual and physical efforts of persons to “as must be”, i.e. the physical world to virtual reality. This contradiction is taken off now, by immersion - a substitution virtual reality of its physical analogue. This reduction tantamount to disappearance of man as a subject of evolutional process. Herein there is sense of the «post-human future of humanity» concept.

During the last decades there is an idea of inevitable purposeful or spontaneous change of human nature transformed from some marginal conception, defiant hard non-acceptance and tearing away from humanism philosophy of the West in one of dominant reasons of development of modern mentality. However spontaneous development of HI-HUME, unaccompanied rational social and political control looks so undesirable, as well as socially determinate waiver of their development. Both alternatives suffice quickly will result in deepening of crisis, out-of-control production of social risks and complete collapse of technogenic civilization. The actual bio-political problem of era of technology of the guided evolution is development of ideology of maintenance and balance of human identity and adaptive plasticity in new evolutional realities.

Multidimensionalness and differentiated of the expressed civil society, presence differenced system of positive and negative connections between having alternative persuasions and interests provides certain stability, including – bio-political ones.

But there are features of western civilization, which are instrumental in actualization opposite tendency. Foremost, becoming and evolution of world view and ideological options in the intellectual and economic elite of the developed civil society (which and is the USA), at least, in regard to HI-HUME of technologies more stable and in a greater degree based on understanding and conscious estimation of possible prospects of their practical use, what in society as whole. A supervision allows to do these a few important conclusions: at first, majority of population is not had sufficient level of knowledge and/or adequate information, to do explained choice; secondly, the public acting of individuals becomes hardness predictable and sensible to extraneous influences; thirdly, general stability of direction of development of civil society can test considerable vibrations and determined, in particular, by the degree of political homogeneity into a ruling and intellectual elite which possesses the sufficient levers of affecting public opinion, to correct the evolution of public opinion in desirable for it (elites) direction.

In the transitional type of society (post-Soviet geopolitical space, in particular) the value of factors of stabilization-destabilizations of social inheritance repeatedly increases by virtue of the followings circumstances:

7. considerable sizes of shadow sector of economy, presenting a defilade for the not legitimate use of HI-HUME technologies;

8. state of future-shock and future-phobias, tested considerable part of society, that preformatted the irrational negative perception of these technologies;

9. low level of being informed and, simultaneously, trust of population to the political and intellectual elite, that strengthens potential of various techniques of political and ideological manipulation as a result;

10.massed export of technologies, eliminating spontaneous cultural adaptation of society to the side consequences of their integration in life of society;

11.illusion of second-rateness of social problems of HI-HUME of technologies in the conditions of socio-political and economic instability, caused other reasons, becoming to one of base features of consciousness of political elite;

12.insufficiency of economic and intellectual resources for independent organizationally political and legal working, and also technical and methodological gettings up in these area problems, by virtue of what the import of technologies is aggravated the import of ideology of their introduction and control.

All of it in a sum creates pre-conditions of situation, when the rationalistic working of bio-policy of the modern post-Soviet states becomes necessary, both from point of their own prospects and in globally-civilization aspects.

Conclusion. Bio-political problems in the system of modern science and humanitarian knowledge. Value of biology, in general, and genetics, in particular, for development of political science and sociology not closed by explaining charts and empiric facts, exposing a genetic succession between the mechanisms of biological and social evolution. Their influence on humanitarian knowledge, will mediate the mentality system – through introduction in creation of theoretical and methodological constructions, way of thinking of ordinary «inhabitant», expert and practical politician of appearances-metaphors, office workers by the cored, bearings elements of logical constructions of fundamental political theories and ordinary consciousness.

From the phenomenological point of view logical construct «bio-power» is created by the certain single conceptual field, in the sphere of influence of which potentially and topically included

I. natural science –

a) theoretical biology (genetics),

b) (bio-)medicine,

c) (bio-, gene)technology, from one side and

II. social and humanitarian knowledge –

h) (bio-)policy,

i) (bio-)ethics,

j) (bio-)philosophy,

k) (bio-aspects of) legislation,

l) (bio-) theory of culture,

m)demography,

n) sociology, with other.

Two-dimensional (cultural and socio-economical policy) political space in the epoch of technologies of the guided evolution acquires the third dimensional - bio-political. The bio-political decisions accepted now cast aside the longest shade on the future of humanity. Cost of choice in this case in long perspective most high is a fate of humanity and fate of reasonable life. One of base principles of classic ethics and methodologies of science was ethics neutrality of objective scientific knowledge. Now on changing a removal from the scientific theories of socio-ethics, ideological and political components other strategy comes: authentication and research of such components, development of the system of criteria in accordance with which scientific theories and scientific facts are subject an estimation, foremost, from point of social and cultural consequences, the influence on somatic life of man in this world.

Оглавление

Предисловие 3

Социокультурные и ментальные истоки биополитических коллизий_ 19

Статус биовласти в «обществе риска» 21

Технология биовласти_ 23

Институциализация биовласти_ 32

Биоэтика как методология осуществления биовласти_ 33

Эпистемологические и ценностные аспекты биовласти_ 36

Биполитические конфликты ХХ века. Исторический обзор_ 45

Евгеника. США и Западная Европа (1900-1945 годы) 45

Расовая гигиена. Германия (1933-1945 годы) 57

Мичуринская генетика. СССР (1929-1964 годы) 61