В направлении «техника и ритм» ведущая проблема - необходимость выполнить до 80 барьерных тренировок на стандартной расстановке и до 40 пробеганий полной дистанции на сбалансированной базе качеств. Требуется, с одной стороны, «уплотнять» специальные тренировки, а с другой - устранять их негативное влияние на сохранение достигнутых ранее физических кондиций (например, снижение результатов на гладких дистанциях до 0,4-0,7с на 200 м и до 1,5-1,8с на 400 м в течение сезона). Неизбежным, но эффективным, как показал опыт Степановой, оказалось разведение барьерной и скоростной или специальной и «поддерживающе-физической» работ даже в соревновательных периодах. Оптимальным было соотношение периодов разведения основной и дополнительной работ 3:1 (по длительности каждый из них от 2 до 12 недель). Важным было также постоянное тестирование биомеханических параметров шагов в гладком и барьерном беге и более широкое варьирование интенсивностью барьерных отрезков (до 80-85%) при той же шаговой структуре ритма за счёт сокращения стандартной расстановки барьеров до 30-32 метров, что позволяло гораздо больше «набегивать» соревновательный ритм.[23]
Подводя итог теоретическому обзору проблемы, отметим, что в последние годы наука о спорте, в том числе и теория, и методика барьерного бега, начала развиваться быстрыми темпами. Если раньше она в основном занимала объяснительную функцию и мало помогала практике, то в настоящее время ее роль существенно изменилась. Спортивные соревнования - это уже не просто индивидуальные поединки и не только соревнование команд, это, прежде всего демонстрация силы и умения спортсмена, высокого тактического мышления преподавателя-тренера и самого спортсмена.
[1] Обучение легкоатлетическим упражнениям на уроке физической культуры в школе: Методические рекомендации /Сост. С.А.Кошар, Ф.Ф.Мордухай, Ю.Н.Чудаков.- Гродно 1999. - 94 с.
[2] Гживоч Р. Индивидуализация тренировочных нагрузок спортсменок, занимающихся бегом на 400 м и на 400 м с/б // Теория и практика физической культуры, 1999, № 6, С. 40-43.
[3] Легкая атлетика. Бег на короткие дистанции (Е. Е. Аракелян, В. П. Филин, А. В. Коробов, А. В, Левченко). Учебник для институтов физической культуры. М.: «Физкультура и спорт», 1988.
[4] Искра Я. Ритмическая способность перед и после анаэробного усилия самых лучших польских барьеристов. Теоретические и практические аспекты двигательных способностей человека. - АФВ, Катовице, 1997, С. 47-50.
[5] Искра Я. Взаимосвязь уровня максимальной скорости и результатов в барьерном беге среди женщин и мужчин разных уровней подготовленности /Проблемы полового диморфизма в спорте. - АФВ, ПТНКФ, Катовице, 1995, С. 280-285.
[6] Венедиктова И.И. Использование канонической корреляции для обоснования морфологических критериев отбора девочек в некоторые виды легкой атлетики // Тезисы докладов ХII Всесоюзной научно-практической конференции «Проблемы отбора и подготовки перспективных юных спортсменов» (Ярославль, 10-13 октября 1989 г.) - М., 1989.- С. 13.
[7] Становление и совершенствование спортивного мастерства в барьерном беге: [Учеб.пособие] / В.Ф.Таранов, В.П.Черкашин, В.Д.Фискалов, В.В.Чемов/ Волгогр. Гос. ин-т физ. культуры.- Волгоград: Волгогр. ГИФК, 1987.- 440 с.
[8] Щенников Б.Ф. Барьерный бег для женщин.- М.: Физкультура и спорт, 1982.- С. 3-6.
[9] Максименко Г.Н., Полтавский А.Ф. Основы отбора, обучения и тренировки юных легкоатлетов. - Киев: Вища школа, 1994. - 365 с.
[10] Волков В.М., Филин В.П. Спортивный отбор. - М.: Физкультура и спорт, 1983. - 176 с.
[11] Попов В.Б., Суслов Ф.П., Германов Г.Н. Легкая атлетика для юношества. - М., 1999. - 220 с.
[12] Теория и методика физического воспитания: Учебник для ИФК /Под общ. ред. Л.П. Матвеева и А.Д. Новикова. - М.: ФиС, 1976, т. 1. - 304 с.
[13] Матвеев Л.П. Основы общей теории спорта и системы подготовки спортсменов: Учебное пособие. - Киев: Олимпийская литература, 1999. - 318 с.
[14] Теория спорта: Учебник для ИФК /Под общ. ред. В.Н. Платонова. - Киев: Вища школа, 1987. - 424 с.
[15] Бальсевич В.К. Объективная регистрация движений //Легкая атлетика, 1964, № 5, С. 7-8.
[16] Гросс Х.Х. Педагогическая кинезиология - новое направление в спортивной педагогике и биомеханике //Теория и практика физической культуры, 1979, № 9, С. 7-10.
[17] Дмитриев С.В. Основы теории решения двигательных задач. - Л.: Изд-во ЛГПИ им. А.И. Герцена, 1988.
[18] Донской Д.Д. Законы движений в спорте. - М.: ФиС, 1968.
[19] Лапутин А.Н. Дидактическая биомеханика: проблемы и решения. // Наука в олимпийском спорте. - № 2(3). Киев, 1995, С. 42-51.
[20] Бернштейн Н.А. Очередные проблемы физиологии активности. В сб.: «Проблемы кибернетики» /Под ред. А.А. Ляпунова. - Москва: Гос. изд. физ.-мат. литературы, 1961, С. 142.
[21] Платонов В.Н. Общая теория подготовки спортсменов в олимпийском спорте. - К.: Олимпийская литература, 1977.
[22] Суслов Ф.П., Сыч В.Л., Шустин Б.Н. Современная система спортивной подготовки. - М.: СААМ, 1995.
[23] Степанов В. Индивидуальное планирование физической и технической подготовки в беге на 400 метров с барьерами. /Материалы семинара по спринтерскому и барьерному бегу (Москва, 14-17 мая 2001 года)// [http://new.iaaf-rdc.ru/ru/docs/publication/31.htm]
EDWIN MOSES
Event: 400m hurdles
Height: 6-2
Weight: 180
PR: 47.02 (1983)
Born: August 31, 1955, in Dayton, Ohio
Current Residence: Atlanta, Ga.
High School: Fairmont (Dayton, Ohio) HS ‘73
College: Morehouse College ‘77
Coach: Self
Agent: Self
Career Highlights: 1976, ’84 Olympic gold medalist; Five-time USA champion; 2-time world champion (’83, ’87); member of National Track & Field Hall of Fame; 1983 Sullivan Award winner; 1981 Jesse Owens Award winner
As the dominant intermediate hurdler in the world for more than a decade, Edwin Moses is recognized globally as one of the greatest track & field athletes in history. Moses announced on August 31, 2003 (his 48th birthday) in Paris that he would compete in the 400m hurdles again beginning in 2004, primarily in masters competitions, and is shooting for meeting the Olympic Trials “B” qualifying standard of 50.50. He burst onto the world scene with a win at the 1976 U.S. Olympic Trials. Competing in his first international meet a month later, Moses won the Olympic title with a world record time of 47.64 seconds as a collegiate junior. The following year, he won the U.S. title with another world record performance (47.45). That August, West German Harald Schmid beat Moses in Berlin. Moses won his next race on September 2, 1977, and kept right on winning. He didn't lose again for another nine years, nine months and nine days until he was defeated on June 4, 1987 by Danny Harris in Madrid, Spain. Following the defeat, Moses won 10 straight races, including the 1987 World Outdoor Championships in Rome. During his winning streak, Moses won 122 consecutive races (107 finals) and set another world record (47.02 on his birthday in 1983); won five U.S. and U.S. Olympic Trials titles; took three World Cup titles; and another Olympic gold medal in 1984. Moses’ world record stood for 9 years, until Kevin Young broke it at the 1992 Olympic Games. … In utilizing a remarkable combination of speed, grace and stamina, Moses took an unprecedented 13 steps between hurdles instead of the customary 14. He missed a chance for a third Olympic triumph at the 1988 Games, taking a bronze medal in what was then the final race of his career. Among the many honors won by Moses are the Sullivan and Jesse Owens Awards, and he was named Sports Illustrated’s Sportsman of the Year in 1984. … He was inducted into the National Track & Field Hall of Fame in 1994. … broke 48 seconds every year of competition from 1976 until his retirement in 1988 … Moses turned to track as a high schooler after being cut from the basketball team, and instead of accepting an athletic scholarship, Moses attended Morehouse College in Atlanta on an academic scholarship, where he studied physics and engineering. In 1994, Moses received his Master’s degree from Pepperdine University…son Julian was born in 1995.
1988: Olympic bronze medalist (47.56)…1st at USA Olympic Trials (47.37)…ranked #2 in the world & U.S…best of 47.37.
1987: 1st at World Outdoors (47.46)…1st at USA Outdoors…ranked world #1 by T&FN…best of 47.46.
1986: Did not compete at USA Outdoors…ranked #2 in the world by T&FN…best of 47.38.
1985: Injured, did not compete.
1984: Olympic champion (47.75)…1st at U.S. Olympic Trials (47.76)…ranked world #1…best of 47.32
1983: 1st at World Outdoors (47.50)…1st at USA Outdoors…ranked world #1…best of 47.02.
1982: Did not compete.
1981: 1st at World Cup…1st at USA Outdoors…ranked world #1…best of 47.14.
1980: 1st at U.S. Olympic Trials (47.90)…did not compete at Olympic Games due to U.S. boycott…ranked world #1…best of 47.13.
1979: 1st at World Cup…1st at USA Outdoors…ranked world #1…best of 47.53.
1978: Did not compete at USA Outdoors…ranked world #1…best of 47.94.
1977: 1st at World Cup…1st at USA Outdoors…ranked world #1…best of 47.45
1976: Olympic gold medalist (47.64)…1st at U.S. Olympic Trials (48.30)…ranked world #1…best of 47.64
1975: Best of 52.0y.
[http://www.usatf.org/athletes/bios/oldBios/2004/Moses_Edwin.asp]
KEVIN YOUNG
Kevin Young has gone from the top of the world all the way to Alpharetta, Georgia. One suspects he would prefer it to be called a lateral move. Not down-and-out, nor brainwashed by a religious cult, the World Record-holder and reigning gold medalist at the 400-meter hurdles is amused by the Kevin Young rumors that trickle back to him.
"People are going to talk," he says.
The road to Alpharetta started long ago. Young, born and raised in Los Angeles, ran a decent 37.54 for the 300 hurdles in high school. Plenty of preps ran faster. Young's time didn't come close to making the all-time list. But at UCLA, success happened for Young. He ran 51.09 for the hurdles around a full lap as a frosh, and those near him insisted more was there. He proved it as a sophomore, speeding 48.77 and ranking No. 10 in the world.
The lanky Young, nicknamed "Spiderman" by his Bruin teammates, became a mainstay of the powerful UCLA sprint/hurdles crew, coached by assistant John Smith. By his senior year Young developed into the stuff of legend. He won the NCAA for the second time. He blistered a 44.4 leg on the winning relay, the first collegiate foursome to break the historic 3-minute barrier (2:59.91). At the Olympic Trials, he improved to 47.72 to grab a ticket to the Seoul Games. There he finished 4th, 0.38 behind bronze medalist Edwin Moses.
Still coached by Smith, Young didn't lose his stride pattern in the transition to post-collegiate success. In 1989, he took his first No. 1 world ranking. Decent campaigns in the next two years saw him establish himself as a contender for the gold in Barcelona.
The 1992 version of Kevin Young was a step above anything the event had ever seen. Flawless, fast and unbeatable, he won all 17 of his races and dipped under the 48-second barrier eight times, a record in itself. The Barcelona Games saw him produce the greatest record of all. He ran a 46.78 that shattered the World Record of 47.02 held by Edwin Moses for nine years.
Those looking to see a successful Young run half-heartedly the next year were disappointed. He won 11 of 14 races, topped by a 47.18 that claimed the gold at the World Championships. Had another Moses-like dynasty begun?
The next year answered that question with a flat, "No." Young raced the hurdles just twice in 1994. After opening up with a 47.25 for the flat 400, the best he could do with barriers was a 49.70 for 2nd at the New York Games. He failed to make it out of his semi at the USA Championships, and called it quits for the year.
He explained that the earthquake that had hit Los Angeles in January of that year, damaging his townhouse, had him questioning his place in the city. He had lived and breathed track during his entire adult life in L.A., and felt he had to get out or risk suffocating. He bought a farm in Alpharetta, Georgia, and disappeared from the public eye.
Young calls his migration something that "I need to do personally. While I was out of track it gave me the reflection that track and field isn't something that you can just take lightly. There is going to be a point in time where I won't be able to run, period. I haven't got to that point yet, but this has given me a good chance to reflect on what it would be like."
He is training again, after surgery on his left knee in September. In the winter, he made plans to return to L.A. temporarily, and work with new coach Bob Kersee to prepare for Atlanta. "I want to make the team again and compete for my home city, Atlanta," he says. "I want to win the gold medal. I just want to get back in there and get in the shape that I had in the past and break records."
But this will be a different Kevin Young, one with a different set of priorities. "If I put all my eggs in one basket and depend on track, that's definitely not one thing I'd like to do," he says. He has started an athletic apparel company called "Up & Over." He explains, "I'm sick and tired of being 6-4/180, walking around with basketball sweatshirts on. I want something that's going to directly correlate with what I do professionally, and that's to run track. I want people to know that in real life.
"It's not just apparel, its going to be a subsistence organization. We're going to help out and cater to the potential future Olympians of the U.S. The years are so few and far between when athletes have the kind of support we need like the other sports in America. We just really get pushed to the side. I'm going to do what I need to do personally to improve the image of track and field."
More than anything else, Young wants people to know one thing about the man from Alpharetta: "I'm ready for the world."
Career Stats
Born September 16, 1966, in Los Angeles, Ca
6-4/1.93m180/81kg
Jordan HS (Los Angeles, Ca) '84
UCLA '88
Up & Over
PRs (outdoor):
400--45.11 '92 (44.4 relay '88)
110H--13.65 '92
400H--46.78 '92 (WR)
LJ--25-4.5/7.73 '86
Major Meets (400H):
19862)NCAA
19863)USA
19871)NCAA
19874)USA
19872)Pan-Am Games
19881)NCAA
19883)Olympic Trials
19884)Olympic Games
19902)USA
19912)USA
19914)World Championships
19921)Olympic Trials
19921)Olympic Games
19921)GP Final
19921)World Cup
19931)USA
19931)World Championships
19945s)USA
19965s)Olympic Trials
Major Relays:
19862)NCAA 4 x 400 [2]
19871)NCAA 4 x 400 [2]
19881)NCAA 4 x 400 [2]
[http://www.usatf.org/athletes/bios/oldBios/1997/young.asp]