Методические рекомендации по курсу практической грамматики Зорина Л. Б (стр. 3 из 6)
Soon a police car 21. (stop) in front of the house. I 22. (hurry) downstairs and 23. (open) the front door.
A police officer 24. (come) in.
“What 25. (happen)?” he 26. (ask).
After listening to my story he 27. (go) out, and after awhile 28. (return). "It's all right," he 29. (say). “I 30 (just, see) that man. He 31. (walk) his dog. By the way, he 32. (live) in the house opposite.”
The Big Sleep.
Philip Marlowe was a detective, who lived in_ Los Angeles. In the 1930s this was a tough city, where_ people could make a lot of money from_ crime. Marlow saw the dark side of Los Angeles, and he knew that the answers to his questions would usually be lies.
_General Sternwood was a very rich man, but he was old and sick,. and he was having problems with a blackmailer. His two daughters were both beautiful and wild. They were in_ trouble, too, and it was all much worse than the General knew. Could Marlowe do anything to help the Sternwoods?
The violent death of Arthur Geiger, a Hollywood bookseller, has quickly been followed by the death of his killer. The police report that Arthur, who owned a popular bookstore on Hollywood Boulevard, was murdered last night at his home on Laverne Terrace.
Although the reason for Arthur's murder is not known, the killer, a man called Joe Brody, was well known to the police as a thief. Brody himself, however, lived for less than twenty-four hours after the murder. A young man called Carol Lundgren, who worked at Arthur Geiger's bookstore, went to Brody’s department late this afternoon and shot him when he came to the door. Lundgren has now been arrested and has told the police that he killed Brody in_ revenge for the death of his employer.
A man killed himself last night by driving into the sea off Lido Pier. Owen Taylor, who worked as a chauffeur for an old Hollywood oil familv, had recently been ill and unhappy. Yesterday_ evening he took a Buick which belonged to the family, and the car was later found in the sea with Taylor dead at the wheel.
Black Beauty.
Until he was four years old, Black Beauty lived in a field and was able to gallop (race) around with other young horses. Then he began his training. He had to learn to wear a saddle on his back and a bridle on his head, with a cold metal bit in his mouth. When he pulled a carriage behind him, he had to wear a heavy collar on his neck and blinkers against his eyes.
He was lucky with his next home. He lived in a pleasant stable with Merrylegs, a fat little pony, and Ginger, a tall brown mare. His new master, John the groom, and James the stableboy were all kind people.
How I wish I could live in a field, not a stable! Never to wear harness again or to pull a carriage behind me! To feel soft grass under my feet, and to have the freedom to gallop where I want, without a heavy rider (saddle) on my back! Why do humans treat us so badly? They care more about fashion than about us. Oh no, she wants the bearing rein shorter today. I can see how tight he' made it on Beauty. No, I won't have it! I'm going to kick my way out of this...
This is ginger, harnessed to a carriage outside Lord Gray's house. York has just shortened the bearing rein on Black Beauty, and is about to do the same to Ginger, who has decided she can't stand in any longer and is about to kick herself out of the carriage.
Cranford.
There has been a terrible accident at the railway station in Cranford. __Captain Brown was reading a book while he waited for the down-train, and he suddenly noticed a little girl on the railway line. The train was coming into the station, but_Captain Brown quickly jumped onto the line. He saved the little girl's life, but tragically, he fell under the train himsell and was killed.
Captain Brown lived in Cranford for two years, and worked for the railway company. He left two daughters. He was a popular and respected person in Cranford society, and he will be greatly missed by everybody.
Death of an Englishman.
This man must not go to_ prison. The Englishman was shot by_ accident; Signor Cipolla is not a murderer. He had a terrible life when he was a child because of the war. His father was killed and his family never had enough to eat. After the war, he came to Florence and worked as a cleaner. He got married, but his wife could not have children and this made her very unhappy. Signor Cipolla worked hard to take care of his wife, but then she came very ill. There was nothing that the doctors could do, so Signor Cipolla took a job cleaning the Englishman's flat. She wanted to make enough money to die at_ home with her husband beside her. But the cruel Englishman, who was also a criminal, never paid her. And Signor Cesarini, who arranged the cleaning job, didn't pay her either. So in the end, Signor Cipolla couldn't stay at_ home with his wife because they needed money to buy medicine for her pain. On the night that his wife died, a neighbor gave Signor Cipolla some 'grappa', which made him drunk. He went to see the Englishman, who was angry and took out a gun. Then he put it down; he hit Signor Cipolla across the face and called his wife a thief. Signor Cipolla picked up the gun because he wanted to make Langly-Smythe listen to him, not because he wanted to kill him. He aimed the gun at the bedroom door, and when he shot the Englishman, his eyes were shut (closed)!
Desert, Mountain, Sea.
Today Naomi James became the first woman to sail alone around the world when she sailed into Dartmouth harbor in the yacht Express Crusader. She was at the end of a 55,000-kilometre journey that lasted nine months and took her east past the Cape of Good Hope, Australia, New Zealand, and Cape Horn.
The worst moment of her voyage came in_ February when her boat capsized and a lot of equipment was broken. She was only able to sleep for an hour or two at a time, but she decided to go on with her voyage.
Naomi was met at Dartmouth by her parents, her sister Juliet, and her husband Rob, whom she had seen a month before, near the Azores. She had spoken to him often by radio telephone since she left Britain last September.
As the Express Crucader, surrounded by many other boats, big and small, sailed into harbor,
hundreds of people and reporters were waiting to welcome Naomi home.
Существительное. Noun.
План прохождения темы:
1. Основные способы образования существительных.
Классификация существительных.
2. Категория рода, числа и падежа у существительных.
3. Упражнения для повторения, грамматического анализа и контроля.
1. Making nouns. (Образование существительных)
1. We use some words only as nouns: e.g. table, bird.
2. However, we often make nouns from other words by adding different endings or suffixes: -er, -or, -ar, -an, -al, -ant, -ance, -ce, -ian, -ist, -ity, -ety, -cy, -y, -ment, iour, -ledge, -ion, -ness, -hood, -dom, -ful, -ism.
E.g. player, actor, trial, attendant, attendance, librarian, pianist, ability, anxiety, constancy, agreement, behaviour, knowledge, admission, laziness, childhood, freedom, mouthful, sexism.
Nouns can be made from verbs, adjectives, other nouns.
3. Some nouns have the same form as verbs: act, blame, book, cost, fear, kiss, try, walk, wish.
4. Some nouns have the same form as verbs, but the stress is on the first syllable: to progress - ‘progress, to permit - ‘permit, to record - ‘record.
The meanings can be quite different: to entrance - entrance, to present - ‘present, to object - object.
5. There are compound nouns in English that are formed from:
- noun + noun (bathroom, lampshade, seashore, mountain plants, furniture shop, coffee beans, fruit drink, bicycle factory, head-master, the evening news)
- noun + noun structures used in measurements, with a number before the first noun (a five-litre can, a ten-pound note, a three-mile walk, a five-day course)
- In fractions, the plural-s is not dropped (a two-thirds share)
- In measurements of time the plural with s’ is often used to say how long things last (three hours’ journey, twenty minutes’ delay)
-We use the possessive’s to talk about several different sorts of ideas: for example possession (my father’s house, the Atkinsons’ house), relationship (Mary’s brother), physical features and characteristics (the earth’s gravity), non-physical qualities and measurement (the plan’s importance, the government’s decision, the prisoner’s release), parts of people’s and animals’ bodies (a man’s leg, an elephant’s trunk), products from living animals (cow’s milk, lamb’s wool, snake’s poison).
but: - when the animal is killed to provide something, we use noun + noun (chicken soup, fox fur, tortoise shell)
- when we talk about parts of non-living things, we use noun + noun (the car door, a table leg)
Упражнения: пособие ‘Noun’ (p. 1ex. 1A, 1B; p. 2ex. 1C, 1D; p. 2ex. 2B)
Сlassification of nouns
All nouns can be divided into:
proper names and common names
(имена собственные) (нарицательные)
Asia, Elizabethcountable nouns uncountable nouns
(исчисляемые) (неисчисляемые)
continent, idea, effort sand, fuel, progress
Gender (Poд)
The category of the gender is semantic (семантическая) in English.
There are three gender: masculine gender (мужской род) E.g. husband, sailor, boy, hephew. They can be replaced by the pronoun he; feminine gender (женский род) E.g. girl, niece, cow, hen. They can be replaced by the pronoun she; all other nouns are considered to be of neuter gender (средний род) E.g. box, table, opinion, pride. They can be replaced by the pronoun it.
The gender of such nouns as cousin, friend, teacher, politician etc. can be defined by the context.
The gender can be shown in the noun structure, itself.
host - hostess, actor - actress, tiger - tigress, a he-wolf - a she-wolf, duke - duchess, hero - heroine, monk - nun, prince - princess, widower - widow.
Some uncountable nouns can never be countable. This means we cannot: use a/an in front of them, give them a plural.
(advice, clothing, furniture, homework, jewellery, lightning, thunder, weather, scenery, traffic, shopping, luggage, rubbish, progress, money, news, soap, spaghetti)
Traditionally, the nouns ship, boat, car and also countries’ names and animals are referred to the feminine gender and are replaced by the pronoun she.
Once upon a time there was a fox called Joe.
He lived …
Look at the cat. Isn’t she graceful?
‘How’s your new car?’ ‘Terrific’. She’s running beautifully.
The ship’s struck a rock. She’s sinking.
We can use she with countries, but it is more common in modern English.
Number (Число)
Singular, plural.
The plural form is generally made with the suffix – s(es)
[ z ] [ s ] [ 8z ] after [s, z, 5, t5 ]
days books brushes
boys horses
tables roses
dogs
Making plural nouns the following spelling rules are important:
1. the suffix –es is added to the nouns ending in –s, -sh, -ch, -x, -z. (glass – glasses, box
– boxes, wish – wishes)
2. the suffix –es is added to the nouns ending in –o, preceded by a consonant (tomato –
tomatoes, hero – heroes, cargo – cargoes, volcano - volcanoes); if o is preceded by a
vowel or the noun is borrowed from another language, only –s is added. (cuckoo –
cuckoos, radio – radios, piano – pianos, photo – photos, bamboo – bamboos, zoo –
zoos, video – videos)
3. the ending –y, preceded by a consonant is changed into –ies. (story – stories, fly –
flies); to the ending –y, preceded by a vowel, only –s is added. (boy – boys, play –
plays). But if a noun ends in –y and starts with a capital letter, we just add –s
(Kennedys, Januarys)
4. the ending –f, or –fe is changed into –ves. (wife – wives, life – lives, shelf – shelves).
But: roofs, cliffs, gulfs, proofs, safes, cuffs, beliefs, hand kerchief – hand kerchiefs.
5. irregular plural nouns:
man-men sheep-sheep
woman-women salmon-salmon headquarters
tooth-teeth deer-deer
foot-feet trout-trout
mouse-mice beaver-beaver
goose-geese swine-swine
ox-oxen fish-fish
analysis-analyses craft-craft
basis-bases means-means
crisis-crises works-works
criterion-criteria
datum-data
phenomenon-phenomene
medium-media
6. the nouns that are used only in the singular form: advice, fun, hair, luck, money,
news, knowledge, information, progress, work, weather, politics,phonetics,physics
7. the nouns that are used only in the plural form: trousers, pants, shorts, trunks,
pyjamas, braces, scissors, spectacles, glasses, scales, tongs, billiards, cards, domi-
noes, draughts, contents, clothes, troops, goods, whereabouts, surroundings, savings
8. the nouns that can be used both in the singular and the plural form: family, group,
audience, army, crew, team, delegation, party, crowd, herd, flock
9. the nouns: people, police and cattle are always used with the plural verb.
Case (Падеж)
the common case the genitive case
(общий падеж) (родительный падеж)
The nouns in the common The genitive case is formed
case have no ending with the suffix ‘s
1. proper names
2. person names
3. collective nouns
4. animals’ names (the dog’s barking)
5. nouns denoting time and distance (a few days’ trip, a moment’s pause) geographical names (Europe’s unity)
6. set phrases (a pin’s head, at one’s finger’s end)
The nouns in the genitive case are used as attributes (определение) in a sentence.
Упражнения: пособие ‘Noun’ (p. 5ex. 3A, 3B; p. 7 ex. 4B; p. 8 ex. 4C; p. 9,10 ex
1-4; p.15 ex 7A; p.17 ex 8A, 8B; p.18 ex 8C, 8D, 8E)
3. Stop and Check.
Test № 1
Complete the sentences using the correct article and verb form.
1. ____ police (be) an essential establishment.
2. ____ police (look) for the criminal for half_ year.
3. ____ goods (be) still at the docks.
4. NATO’s headquarters (be) in Brussels.
5. ____ cheapest means of transport (be) ___ bicycle.
6. ____ news (be) at ten o’clock on Channel 2.
7. ____ mathematics (teach) in Russian schools beginning from ___ first year.
8. ____ government (be) very popular.
9. ____ government (disagree) on the matter.
10. ____ United States (be) smaller than Canada.
11. Three weeks (be) enough holiday.
12. ____ Welsh (have) a very old tradition, Eistedford.
Test № 2
1. When he (fall) over, he (break) two of his (tooth).
2. The police in Britain (wear) uniforms.
3. We’ve got enough (plate), but we need some more (knife) and (fork).
4. Modern supermarkets offer _____ wide variety of goods from (tomato, potato) to (piano and furniture)