Chris and Pat never cut the grass in their garden.
We use a possessive pronoun without a noun, when the noun is understood.
He is always using my shampoo. Why doesn’t he buy his?
We normally use possessives with parts of the body, clothes and family members.
‘How are your children?’ ‘Fine, thanks.’
Jenny broke her leg skiing.
They took off their coats and sat down.
We don’t use possessives immediately after articles or after this/ that.
a friend, of mine, that brother of yours.
We often use the instead of a possessive in expressions with prepositions, especially when talk about common kinds of pain, illness and physical contact, and when the possessor has already been mentioned.
He’s got a pain in the chest.
Anne’s got a cold in the head.
I looked him in the eye.
Упражнения: Пособие “Pronouns” (Составитель: Полякова Г.А.) p.7 ex.4A, 4B, p.8 ex.4D, 4E.
Grammarway 3 p.160 ex.3,4,5,6, p.162 ex.8,9.
4. Reflexive pronouns.
There aren’t many verbs in English which we must always use with reflexive pronouns: absent oneself, avail oneself (of), pride oneself (on).
The verbs amuse, blame, cut, dry, enjoy, hurt, introduce can be used both with and without reflexive pronouns. (enjoy yourself = have a good time; help yourself to smth = take smth for yourself) to behave oneself
The verbs wash, shave, dress, feel, hurry, relax, concentrate are normally used without reflexive pronouns.
I can’t concentrate.
I must try to relax.
We use reflexive pronouns when the subject and the object of a clause are the same.
Annie hurst herself when she fell over.
I cut myself shaving in the morning.
The computer will turn itself off if you don’t use it.
He tried to kill himself.
We use reflexive pronouns to emphasize the subject or object. In this case they usually come at the end of the sentence, but they can also come after the subject.
Robert himself is quite friendly, but the rest of his family is very cold.
I’ll see the President himself if necessary.
The house itself is nice, but the garden’s small.
I can do it myself.
After prepositions, we use object pronouns instead of reflexive pronouns when it is clear who we are talking about.
I’ll take some money with me.
The pronouns on my own/ by myself = alone, without anyone else.
The old man lives on his own/ by himself.
I don’t want to go out on my own/ by myself.
to take care of oneself
to look after oneself
5. Reciprocal pronouns.
We prefer each other for two people or things, and one another for more than two.
Hilary and June write to each other every week.
We’ve promised one another to telephone if one of us is going to be late home.
6. Demonstrative pronouns.
this and that are singular; these and those are plural.
We use this and these to talk about things near the speaker. We use that and those to talk about things that are further away from the speaker.
Упражнения: Пособие “Pronoun” (Составитель: Полякова Г.А.) p.9 ex. 5A, 5B; p.10 ex. 5D; p.11 Round the world alone, p.12 ex.1.
7. Relative pronouns.
Relative pronouns who(m), which, whose, that introduce relative clauses. A relative clause tells us which person or thing the speaker means.
The man who lives in the flat above is an actor.
We use who/ that to refer to people.
We use which/ that to refer to objects or animals.
The man who designed our house is an architect.
The car which is parked outside belongs to me.
We use whose instead of possessive adjectives (my, your, his, etc.) with people, objects and animals in order to show possession.
That’s the house whose entrance is guarded.
That’s the woman whose house caught fire yesterday.
We often use that instead of which and who in an informal style.
I know some people that can help you.
We normally use that, not which after all, everything, nothing, the only and superlatives. We do not use what in these cases.
I’ve told you all that I know.
The only thing that matters to me is your happiness.
The most useful thing that was ever made...
We can use which to refer back to a whole clause.
He lent me some money which was very generous of him.
Who/ which/ that cannot be omitted it it is the subject of the relative clause.
The dog which/ that ran away is mine.
Who/ which/ that can be omitted when it is the object of the relative clause.
I spoke to a man (whom) I had met before.
We usually avoid using prepositions before relative pronouns.
The safe which/ that we keep the money in is in the basement.
(usually structure)
The safe we keep the money in is in the basement. (everyday English)
Identifying (Defining)/ Non-Identifying (Non-Defining) Clauses.
An identifying relative clause gives necessary information and is essential to the meaning of the main sentence. The relative pronouns can be omitted when they are the object of the relative clause. The relative clause is not put in commas.
People who park Megally are fined.
The film I watched yesterday was boring.
A non-identifying relative clause gives extra information and is not essential to the meaning of the main sentence. In non-identifying relative clauses, the relative pronouns cannot be omitted and cannot be replaced by that. The relative clause is put in commas.
The Jeffersons, who own a Jaguar, live next door.
My cat, which I found on the street, is called Monty.
Упражнения: Jenny Dooley. Virginia Evans. Grammarway 3, р. 113 ex. 1-5, р. 114, 115 ex. 6, 7,
р. 116 ex. 13, 14.
Пособие “Pronouns” (Составитель: Полякова Г.А.)р. 31, 32 ex. 1а, в, 2.
8. Indefinite pronouns.
a) We use much and (a) little with uncountable nouns, and many and (a) few with plural countable nouns.
We use a lot of/ lots of/ plenty of with both uncountable nouns and plural countable nouns.
a lot/ lots = a great quantity or number;
plenty = more than enough
b) We use much and many mostly in questions and in negative sentences.
We use a lot (of), lots (of) and plenty (of) not much and many in affirmative sentences.
But we use much, many in affirmative sentences after too, as, so and very.
A little and a few are positive ideas. Little and few are negative ideas.
c) We use some and any before plural nouns and uncountable nouns to talk about an indefinite quantity.
I general, we use some mostly in affirmative sentences and any mostly in negative sentences.
We use any after words with a negative meaning. (without, never, seldom, rarely, hardly)
There are hardly any eggs left.
You never do any homework.
I found a taxi without any trouble.
We can use some or any after if.
If you need some/ any money, tell me.
We use any in questions when we do not expect a particular answer.
Is there any tea in the cupboard?
We use some in questions when we expect people to say ‘yes’ in requests and offers. Would you live some more tea? - Yes, please.
We can use any to mean ‘it doesn’t matter which’ or ‘whichever you like’.
You can get the tickets from any travel agency.
We use none alone, without a noun.
How much coffee have we got? ‘None’
Before my, this, the, etc or an object pronoun we use none of.
None of my frends have seen the film.
None of the photographs were very good.
None of us have any money.
When we use none of with a plural noun, the verb can be singular or plural.
None of my friends have/ has seen the film.
A singular verb is more formal.
whole means ‘complete’ or’ every part of’. We use whole with singular countable nouns.
I didn’t see the whole film.
Before place names, we most often use the whole of
The whole of Europe.
We always use the, my, this before whole + singular noun.
the whole film, my whole salary
We do not normally use whole with uncountable nouns.
We’ve finished all the coffee.
We can also use a whole before a singular noun.
We use all with some singular countable nouns.
all day = the whole day; all afternoon = the whole afternoon.
all night = the whole night
a/ the whole hour a/ the whole century, the whole truth
all my life/ my whole life.
All (of) can be used with a noun or pronoun.
All is not used without a noun or pronoun to mean ‘everybody’.
All the people were tired.
Everybody was tired.
All can be used to mean ‘everything’ or ’the only thing’, but only with a relative clause.
She gave me all/everything (that) she had.
All (that) I want is a place of my own.
The thieves took everything (not the thieves took all).
Упражнения: Пособие ‘Pronouns’ (Составитель - Полякова Г.А.) стр. 21 упр. 5.6А, 5.6В; стр. 22 упр. 5.6D .
She gave me all/ everything (that) she had.
All (that) I wanf is a place of my own.
The thieves took everything (not the thieves toon all)
both
We use both (= ‘the two together’ or’ one and the other’) before a plural countable noun.
I spoke to both girls.
We use both of before the, your, these + plural noun; in this case, we often leave out of.
Both (of) the films were very good.
We use both of before the plural object pronouns you, us, them. In this case, we cannot leave out of.
She invited both of us to the party.
We can use both after an object pronoun.
She invited us both to the party.
either, neither
We can use either (= ‘one or the other’) and neither (= ‘not one and not the other) before a singular countable noun.
Either day (Saturday or Sunday) is fine with me.
Neither road goes to the station.
We use either of and neither of before your, these, the + a plural countable noun.
Can either of your parents speak French?
Neither of these roads goes to the station.
We use either of and neither of before the plural object pronouns you, us, them.
Can either of you type?
Neither of us went to the party.
After neither of we can use a singular or a plural verb.
A singular verb is more common in a formal style.
We use both, either and neither to link ideas.
both... and...; either... or....; neither... nor...
I spoke to both Sally and Peter.
John is both thoughtful and generous.
She both speaks Japanese and writes it.
I don’t like either football or rugby.
We can either stay or go out.
Neither Mrs Woods nor her husband were at home.
He neither apologised nor explained.
Упражнения для грамматического анализа текста:
Разработка ‘Pronouns’ (Составитель - Полякова Г.А.)
р.2 ex. 1D, р.4 ex. 2D, р.8 ex. 4.4.Е р.10 ex. 5D, р.11 Round the world alone, р. 14 ex. 6D, р.15 Missing, р.18 ex. 5.5.Е, р.19 Poor little rich kids, р.22 ex. 5,6D, р.23 Faraway faces, р.27 The Bermuda Triangle, р.31 People who help.
Adverbs.
План прохождения темы:
1. Определение, образование, классификация наречий.
2. Место наречия в предложении.
1. Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.
An adverb can be one word (here, why, happily) or a phrase, sometimes called an ‘adverbial phrase’, (at, first; all of a sudden).
We usually form an adverb by adding the suffix -ly to an adjective (soft - softly).
Adjectives ending in -le drop the -e and take -y (probable - probably); adjectives ending in consonant +y drop the -y and take -ily (heavy - heavily); adjectives ending in -l take ly (careful - carefully); adjectives ending is -ic usually take -ally (tragic - tragically, but: public - publicly).
Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs. Some adjectives also end in -ly (friendly, lovely, lonely, silly, ugly). These adjectives have no adverbs forms; instead we use different structures (in a friendly way).
Some adverbs have either a totally different form or the same form as the adjective. (good - well, fast - fast, hard - hard, early - early, late - late).
2. Meaning and order of adverbs.
1. Adverbs of place (here, everywhere, below, inside) and time (now, then, yesterday, soon, recently, afterwards) usually go at the end of the sentence (Shall I wait outside? I met him last year.) Adverbs of time such as soon, now and then, go before the main verb, but after an auxiliary verb or the verb to be. (He soon realized that he was wrong. She is now ready to talk to you.)
2. Adverbs of manner (badly, quickly, suddenly, deeply, willingly) go before the main verb, after an auxiliary or at the end of the sentence. (He quickly ran up the stairs. She is anxiously waiting for an answer. They responded politely.)
If these is more than one adverb, the usual order is: manner + place + time. (We worked hard at school yesterday. He worked quietly at his desk all day long.)
Some adverbs of manner, place and time can also go at the beginning of a sentence if we want to emphasize it. (Tomorrow I’ll sign the contract.)
If there is a verb of movement, such as go, come, leave in the sentence, then the adverbs come in the following order:
place + manner + time (She went home by taxi last night)
3. Adverbs of frequency (often, sometimes, ever, constantly, always, usually) go before the main verb, but after an auxiliary verb and the verb to be. (She has always been loyal. Tim is usually prepared. Helen often goes to the cinema.)
4. Adverbs of degree (very, highly, perfectly, completely, much, too, so, such, little, enough, absolutely, totally, extremely, quite, rather) go before an adjective, an adverb or a main verb but after an auxiliary verb. (He was extremely helpful. We quite enjoyed the trip. I didn’t quite understand what you said.)
Quite goes before a/an. (She is quite a pretty woman.)
We use quite before adjectives such as horrible, dreadful, ridiculous, brilliant, perfect, amazing, extraordinary, useless, impossible, right, true, sure, exhausted, certain, false, wrong, alone, different meaning ‘completely’ /‘totally’.
Rather goes before or after a/ an.
We usually use rather in unefavourable comments. (Those clothes are rather old.)
We can use rather in favourable comments when it means ‘to an unusual degree’. (I didn’t know Peter could cook. The meal was rather (вполне) good. (The meal was better than we expected.)