Hindi has only three Reflexive Pronouns : ¡ðÑð, its oblique forms ¡ÑðÐðð and ¡ÑðÐð÷, and a compound of these two, ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð; ¡ðÑðçð Ùð÷ðòÐðÐð±ð `each other` or `one another` (119-21). The latter is also, in its origin, a Reflexive Pronoun.
Of these, ¡ðÑð (occasionally followed by èó) [294 (a)] has an adjectival (intensifying) force and qualifies a Noun or Pronoun which it usually follows, and which, as a rule, is the logical subject of the sentence.
ÜðÙð ¡ðÑð (èó) ãðèðü ±ðÚðð Æðð `Ram himself had gone there`;
Ùðô»ð÷ ¡ðÑð èó ¸ððÐðð ÑðÀÿ÷±ðð `I shall have to go myself`;
ãð÷ ¡ðÑð (èó) ¡ð¦ü±ð÷ `they themselves will come`;
ÜðÙð ¡ðÑð Øðõ®ðð èø `Ram is himself hungry`;
£çðÐð÷ ¡ðÑð èó Úðè Ñðëð òâð®ðð èø `he himself has written this letter`.
(i) ¡ðÑð is frequently replaced by çãðÚðü (Sanskrit) or by ®ðôÇ (Persian): ÜðÙð çãðÚðü (èó) ãðèðü ±ðÚðð Æðð, ãðè çãðÚðü ¡ð¦±ðð, ÜðÙð ®ðôÇ Øðõ®ðð èø|
¡ðÑð (èó) occasionally qualufies Nouns or Pronouns which are not the logical subjects of the sentences:
£çð¨îð ¡ðÑð òÇãððâð òÐð¨îâð ±ðÚðð èø `he has himself become a bankrupt`;
Ðð÷Ãðð Ùð÷ü ¡ðÑð (èó) òèÙÙðÃð Ððèóü èø `the leader himself has no courage.`
The current tendency, however, is to replace ¡ðÑð in all such cases by çãðÚðü or ®ðôÇ òÇãððâðð òÐð¨îâð ±ðÚðð èø, Ðð÷Ãðð Ùð÷ü çãðÚðü (èó) òèÙÙðÃð Ððèóü èø|
Note also that ¡ðÑð, used as an Adjective, does not attach case-signs. (See:- The Reflexive ¡ðÑð as already stated [109 (b).] change to ¡ÑðÐð÷ before ¨îð÷, çð÷, Ùð÷ü and ÑðÜ: ¡ÑðÐð÷ ¨îð÷, ¡ÑðÐð÷ Ùð÷ü etc. Ðð÷ is not attached to the reflexive ¡ðÑð, but only the subject (Noun or Pronoun) to which ¡ðÑð refers. In such cases, ¡ðÑð itself remains unchanged.
ÜðÙð Ðð÷ ¡ðÑð (èó) Úðè ¨îðÙð ò¨îÚðð Ram himself did this work`
£çðÐð÷ ¡ðÑð Ùðô»ð÷ ×ðôâððÚðð `he himself sent for me`.
For denoting the various senses of ¨îð, ¡ðÑð changes to ¡ÑðÐðð, ¡ÑðÐðó, ¡ÑðÐð÷ [109 (d)]
The Plural forms are the same as those of the Singular.
¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð remains unchanged.
¡ðÑð èó can, however, be used also as an Adverb, when it means `of one`s own accord, spontaneously`. Thus, ÜðÙð ¡ðÑð èó ãðèðü ±ðÚðð can denote, if the context so demands, `Ram had gone there of his own accord`. cf. the adverbial use of ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð, under (c) below. The Reflexive ¡ðÑð is, of course, to be differentiated from the personal ¡ðÑð which is nothing but a polite form of ÃðôÙð (or Úð÷ or ãð÷), while the Reflexive ¡ðÑð can refer to any `person`. The oblique form of ¡ðÑð is ¡ÑðÐð÷ meaning, oneself, with ¨îð÷, çð÷, Ùð÷ü or pr as required (but never with Ðð÷). See:- The Reflexive ¡ðÑð as already stated [109 (b).] change to ¡ÑðÐð÷ before ¨îð÷, çð÷, Ùð÷ü and ÑðÜ: ¡ÑðÐð÷ ¨îð÷, ¡ÑðÐð÷ Ùð÷ü etc. Ðð÷ is not attached to the reflexive ¡ðÑð, but only the subject (Noun or Pronoun) to which ¡ðÑð refers. In such cases, ¡ðÑð itself remains unchanged.
ÜðÙð Ðð÷ ¡ðÑð (èó) Úðè ¨îðÙð ò¨îÚðð Ram himself did this work`
£çðÐð÷ ¡ðÑð Ùðô»ð÷ ×ðôâððÚðð `he himself sent for me`.
For denoting the various senses of ¨îð, ¡ðÑð changes to ¡ÑðÐðð, ¡ÑðÐðó, ¡ÑðÐð÷ [109 (d)]
The Plural forms are the same as those of the Singular.
¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð remains unchanged.
¡ÑðÐð÷ refers to a Noun or a Pronoun which must be the logical subject of the sentence:
ÜðÙð Ðð÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ ¨îð÷ ãðÐð Ùð÷ü ÑððÚðð `Ram found himself in the forest`;
¡ÑðÐð÷ Ùð÷ü ò¨îçðó ¨îð÷ Çð÷æð Ððèóü Çó®ðÃðð `nobody sees a fault in himself.`
¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð is used either as an emphatic (or unambiguous) form for the oblique ¡ÑðÐð÷ (see note below), or as an adverb maning `of one`s own accord, automatically, spontaneously`. Thus:-
çðóÃðð Ðð÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ (¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð) ¨îð÷ Çð÷æð òÇÚðð `Sita blamed herself (her own self)»
ÙðøüÐð÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ (¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð) çð÷ Ñðõ¶ð `I asked myself (my own self)».
But in ãðè ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð µðâðð ±ðÚðð `he went away of his own accord`, ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð is adverbial, and can be replaced by ¡ðÑð èó: ãðè ¡ðÑð èó µðâðð ±ðÚðð. see:- ¡ðÑð èó can, however, be used also as an Adverb, when it means `of one`s own accord, spontaneously`. Thus, ÜðÙð ¡ðÑð èó ãðèðü ±ðÚðð can denote, if the context so demands, `Ram had gone there of his own accord`. cf. the adverbial use of ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð, under (c) below.
(d) ¡ÑðÐðð `belonging to oneself`, `one`s own`, is, in fact, an Adjective derived from ¡ðÑð, and is used (like the ¨îð forms: 101 Note) as such (with its modifications ¡ÑðÐðó and ¡ÑðÐð÷) provided the person it refers to is the logical subject of the sentence.
âðÀÿ¨îð ¡ÑðÐðó ò¨îÃðð×ð Ùððü±ðÃðð èø `the boy asks for his book`;
âðÀÿ¨÷î Ðð÷ ¡ÑðÐðó Ùððü çð÷ ¨îèð `the boy told his mother,»
Note: ¡ÑðÐð÷ and ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð (except when adverbial) are used only in the oblique cases with ¨îð÷, çð÷, Ùð÷ü, and pr (but never with Ðð÷) . In ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð, ¡ðÑð is really a Nown meaning `self` so that ¡ÑðÐð-¡ðÑð = one`s self. ¡ÑðÐð÷ is the shorter form of ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð, with the Noun ¡ðÑð omitted, but implied, so that ¡ÑðÐð÷ = ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð =one`s self = oneself.
110. A relative Pronoun is related to a Noun or a Pronoun occurring in the main sentence, the Relative itself occurring in a subordinate sentence and joining the two.
Hinid has only one Relative Pronoun, ¸ðð÷ `who, which, that, what.`
ãðè Ñð÷üòçðâð òÙðâð ±ðýá ¸ðð÷ ®ðð÷ ±ðýá Æðó `the pencil,which had been lost, has been found.`
The main sentence isãðè Ñð÷üòçðâð òÙðâð ±ðýá `the pencil has been found`; the subordinate sentence is `¸ðð÷ ®ðð÷ ±ðýá Æðó` `which had been lost, has been found.`
The main sentence is ãðè Ñð÷üòçðâð òÙðâð ±ðýá `the pencil has been found`; the subordinate sentence is `¸ðð÷ ®ðð÷ ±ðýá Æðó` `which had been lost`. ¸ðð÷ `which had been lost`. ¸ðð÷ which occurs in the latter is related to Ñð÷üòçðâð occurring in the main sentence, and joins the two sentences like a conjunction. See:-Conjunctions are words which join together or connect words, sentences, or Parts of a sentence (67): Mother and child came. (2) Is it good or bad? (3) I came, but you had gone. (4) you said that you would come. (5) The servant will wait until you come.
It is, however, not often that a conjunction connects two words, sentences, `mother came` and `child came` which have been contracted into one for the sake of economy. Similarly, `is it good or bad` is contracted from `isit good` and `is it bad`. Only in sentences like, `put two and two together`, or `Sita and Kamla are cousin` can a conjuntion be said to connect two words. In the third example, `I came but you had gone`, the two smaller sentences are independent of each other. In the fourth sentence, however, `you would come` is subordinate to `you said`, since it functions as the object of `said`. In the last sentence, `until you come` is subordinate sentences so the main sentences to the main sentence are called Subordinating. `and`, `or`, and `but` in the above examples are Co-ordinating; `that` and `until` are subordinating.). Similarly, ¸ðð÷ ¡ðÚðð Æðð, ãðè µðâðð ±ðÚðð `he, who had come, is gone`. Here ãðè µðâðð ±ðÚðð is the main sentence and ¸ðð÷ ¡ðÚðð Æðð is the subordinate one. ¸ðð÷ joins the two, at the same time being related to ãðè.
¸ðð÷ is both Singular and Plural. ¸ðð÷ is always accompanied with ãðè or ãð÷ in the main sentence. Both ¸ðð÷ and ãðè (ãð÷) refer to one and the same person or thing. ãðè (ãð÷) is called the `Correlative` of ¸ðð÷. çðð÷ (`he, they), as a Correlative of ¸ðð÷ is now obsolete except in proverbs and maxims.
Indefinite Pronouns refer to an unknown or unidentified person or thing.
Hindi has only two Indefinite Pronouns ¨îð÷ýá and ¨ôî¶; ¨îð÷ýá `someone, somebody` refers to a person and ¨ôî¶ `somethings` to a thing.
¨îð÷ýá ¡ð Üèð èø `Somebody is coming;
£çð¨îð ¨ôî¶ ®ðð÷ ±ðÚðð èø `he has lost something`;
ÇõÏð Ùð÷ü ¨ôî¶ ÑðÀÿ ±ðÚðð èø `something has fallen into the milk`;
¡ð¸ð ¨îð÷ýá Ððèóü ¡ðÚðð `nobody came to-day.`
³ðÜ Ùð÷ü ¨ôî¶ Ððèóü èø `there is nothing in the house.`
(i) ¨ôî¶ along with ©Úðð (114), is really a neuter form-a rare occurrence in Hindi.
(ii) ¨ôî¶ is also used as an adjective (numeral and quantitative) and as an Adverb meaning `some`, `a few`, `a little`, `partly`.
(iii) ¨îð÷ýá may be used as an Adverb, in the sense of `some, about`.
¨îð÷ýá may also be used as the plural form and signify `some people` ¨îð÷ýá ¡ð Üè÷ èøü `some people are coming`.
Interrogative Pronouns are used in asking questions.
Hind has only two Interrogative Pronouns- ¨îð÷ýá and ©Úðð, the former usually referring tp `person` and the latter to `things` either in singular or in plural:
ãðè ¨îðøÐð èø ? `who is he?`;
Úðè ©Úðð èø ? `what is this ?`;
ãð÷ ¨îðøÐð èøü ? `who are they ?`;
Úð÷ ©Úðð èøü ? `what are these ?`
©Úðð is really a neuter form - a rare oceeurremce in Hindi.
©Úðð (frequently expressed but occasionally implied) is used for denoting the interrogative nature of a sentence (except when another interrogativ word is present (192 Note):