Способы письма в алфавите языка хинди (стр. 18 из 60)
©Úðð ãðè ¡ðÚðð èø ? `has he come?`;
(©Úðð) ÜðÙð çðð÷ ±ðÚðð ? `has Ram gone to sleep?.
For further uses of ©Úðð (as a Compound Pronoun),©Úðð-©Úðð `which things?`, `what things?`:
Øððýá ×ððºððÜ çð÷ ©Úðð-©Úðð âðð¦ èøü ? `what things has brother brought of situation, usually for the worse. ©Úðð-çð÷-©Úðð denotes unexpected and abruptchange of situation, usually for the worse. ©Úðð.....©Úðð is adverbial and denotes, equally, without difference or distinction. It has a conjunctive force.
©Úðð ÃðôÙð, ©Úðð ãðè, Çð÷Ððð÷ü Ùðõ®ðá èøü `you and he are both (equally) fools`.
©Úðð òÐðÏðáÐð, ©Úðð ÏðÐðó, çðØðó ÙðÜ÷ü±ð÷ `whether rich or poor, all will pass away`.
¨îðøÐð and ©Úðð may be used as a Relative Pronoun:
ãðè ¨îðøÐð èø, ¨îð÷ýá Ððèóü ¸ððÐðÃðð `nobody knows who he is.`
ÑðÃðð âð±ðð¡ð÷ ò¨î ¨îâð £çðÐð÷ ©Úðð ò¨îÚðð `find out what he did yesterday.`
©Úðð is used as an Exclamatory Adjective for denoting the surprising or striking nature of some quality etc:
©Úðð (èó) çðôÐÇÜ ÈäÚð èø ! `what a lovely scene!`
©Úðð Ñðð±ðâð ¡ðÇÙðó èø ! `what an idiotic person !`
Úðè ©Úðð ×ð÷ãð¨õîÒîó èø ! `what foolishness is this!`
©Úðð is also used as Adverb expressing emphatic negation:
ãðè ¡ðÇÙðó ©Úðð èø, Üðêðçð èø `call him a man? he is a demon`;
×ðµµðð ©Úðð èø, ±ðôâðð×ð ¨îð Òõîâð èø `it`s not a child, it`s a rose.`
ãðè ÇðøÀÿÃðð ©Úðð èø, £ÀÿÃðð èø `dose he run? he flies!`
ÃðôÙð Ùðô«îÇÙð÷ Ùð÷ü ©Úðð ¸ðóÃðð÷±ð÷ `you will win the case? impossible!
Another Adverbial use of ©Úðð is as a declarative, rhetorical in terrogative:
Úðè ©Úðð ÑðÀÿó èø ÃðôÙèðÜó ò¨îÃðð×ð! `here lies your book! can`t you see?
Ùðøü Úðè ©Úðð ×ðø¿ð èõü `am I not sitting here (don`t you see, I am sitting here)?`
The pair ©Úðð ....©Úðð ©Úðð-©Úðð `which things?`, `what things?`:
Øððýá ×ððºððÜ çð÷ ©Úðð-©Úðð âðð¦ èøü ? `what things has brother brought of situation, usually for the worse. is also adverbial (conjunctive) in sense.
CHAPTER XVII
Hindi Pronouns attach the same case-signs as the Nouns, namely, Ðð÷, ¨îð÷, çð÷, Ùð÷ü, ÑðÜ and ¨îð. But the oblique itself, in some cases, is formed differently from the Noun.
The oblique forms of the various Pronouns are made as follows:
In the singular, Úðè, ãðè, ¸ðð÷ and çðð÷ change respectively to ýçð, £çð, ò¸ðçð and òÃðçð while ¨îðøÐð and ©Úðð change to ò¨îçð and ¨îð÷ýá and ¨ôî¶ to ò¨îçðó before all the case-signs: ýçð¨îð÷, £çðÙð÷ü, ò¸ðçðÐð÷, ò¨îçð ÑðÜ, ò¨îçðó çð÷. In the Plural, except before Ðð÷, these change to ýÐð, £Ðð, ò¸ðÐð, òÃðÐð, ò¨îÐð and ò¨îÐèóü:ýÐð¨îð, £Ððçð÷, ò¸ðÐðÙð÷ü, ò¨îÐèóü ¨îð÷. Before Ðð÷, the Plural oblique forms are ýÐèð÷ü, £Ðèð÷ü, ò¸ðÐèð÷ü, ò¨îÐèð÷ü and ò¨îÐèóü: ýÐèð÷üÐð÷, £Ðèð÷üÐð÷, ò¨îÐèð÷üÐð÷, ò¨îÐèóüÐð÷. Ùðøü and Ãðõ remain unchanged before Ðð÷: ÙðøüÐð÷, ÃðõÐð÷. Followed by the rest of the case-signs, Ùðøü and Ãðõ change to Ùðô»ð and Ãðô»ð: Ùðô»ð¨îð÷, Ãðô»ðçð÷. èÙð and ÃðôÙð remain unchanged before all case-signs: èÙðÐð÷,èÙðçð÷, èÙð¨îð÷, ÃðôÙð¨îð÷, ÃðôÙðÙð÷ü. Ùðøü, Ãðõ èÙð and ÃðôÙð do not attach ¨îð. Instead, they change into Ùð÷Üð, Ãð÷Üð, èÙððÜð and ÃðôÙèðÜð. These latter forms have all the significations of ¨îð and modify to Ùð÷Üó, Ãð÷Üó, èÙððÜó, ÃðôÙèðÜó and Ùð÷Ü, Ãð÷Ü÷, èÙððÜ÷, ÃðôÙèðÜ÷. When used as an Adjective
(ii) ¨ôî¶ is also used as an adjective (numeral and quantitative) and as an Adverb meaning `some`, `a few`, `a little`, `partly`.
¨ôî¶ remains unchanged See ¡ÑðÐð÷ refers to a Noun or a Pronoun which must be the logical subject of the sentence:
ÜðÙð Ðð÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ ¨îð÷ ãðÐð Ùð÷ü ÑððÚðð `Ram found himself in the forest`;
¡ÑðÐð÷ Ùð÷ü ò¨îçðó ¨îð÷ Çð÷æð Ððèóü Çó®ðÃðð `nobody sees a fault in himself.`
Adjectives denoting quality, number and quantity may be used as Nouns, when they are affected by Case and Number in the same way as Nouns ×ðÀÿð÷ü Ðð÷, ¶ð÷¾ð÷ü çð÷, ýÃðÐð÷ çð÷, ¦¨î Ðð÷, µððÜ Ðð÷, ×ðèôÃðð÷ü ¨îð÷, ¶ð÷ò¾Úðð÷ü ¨îð÷, ×ðôÜó çð÷; ¡ÑðÐðð used as a Noun denotes `a thing`, or person belonging to oneself, ¨ôî¶., however, does not change: ¨ôî¶ Ùð÷ü (Plural)..
An an alternative to ¨îð÷, all the oblique forms attach ¦ in Singular and è÷ü in Plural: ýçð÷ (= ýçð¨îð÷), ýÐè÷ü (= ýÐð¨îð÷), £çð÷, £Ðè÷ü, Ãðô»ð÷, ÃðôÙè÷ü, èÙð, however, makes èÙð÷ü and not èÙè÷ü (See:- Ùðô»ð÷, Ùðô»ð¨îð÷ (114) With pronouns, the ¨îð÷ forms and ¨îð÷, a pronominal case-sign would have been completely discarded but for its utility in the adjectival use of Pronouns. In such phrases as Ùðô»ð ÇóÐð ¨îð÷ Ðð çðÃððý¦, £Ðð âðð÷±ðð÷ü ¨îð÷ Úðèðû ×ðôâðð¡ð÷. (127), -¦ or -è÷ü forms cannot be used.
Note: The indefinite Pronouns ¨îð÷ýá and ¨ôî¶ do not attach ¦ or è÷ü.
The Personal Pronoun ¡ðÑð attaches all case-signs without any change ¡ðÑðÐð÷, ¡ðÑð¨îð÷, ¡ðÑðÙð÷ü.
Note: The Personal Pronoun ¡ðÑð is always Plural (honorific).
The Reflexive ¡ðÑð as already stated See:- ¡ÑðÐð÷ refers to a Noun or a Pronoun which must be the logical subject of the sentence:
ÜðÙð Ðð÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ ¨îð÷ ãðÐð Ùð÷ü ÑððÚðð `Ram found himself in the forest`;
¡ÑðÐð÷ Ùð÷ü ò¨îçðó ¨îð÷ Çð÷æð Ððèóü Çó®ðÃðð `nobody sees a fault in himself.`
change to ¡ÑðÐð÷ before ¨îð÷, çð÷, Ùð÷ü and ÑðÜ: ¡ÑðÐð÷ ¨îð÷, ¡ÑðÐð÷ Ùð÷ü etc. Ðð÷ is not attached to the reflexive ¡ðÑð, but only the subject (Noun or Pronoun) to which ¡ðÑð refers. In such cases, ¡ðÑð itself remains unchanged.
ÜðÙð Ðð÷ ¡ðÑð (èó) Úðè ¨îðÙð ò¨îÚðð Ram himself did this work`
£çðÐð÷ ¡ðÑð Ùðô»ð÷ ×ðôâððÚðð `he himself sent for me`.
For denoting the various senses of ¨îð, ¡ðÑð changes to ¡ÑðÐðð, ¡ÑðÐðó, ¡ÑðÐð÷ [See :- (d) ¡ÑðÐðð `belonging to oneself`, `one`s own`, is, in fact, an Adjective derived from ¡ðÑð, and is used (like the ¨îð forms: 101 Note) as such (with its modifications ¡ÑðÐðó and ¡ÑðÐð÷) provided the person it refers to is the logical subject of the sentence.
âðÀÿ¨îð ¡ÑðÐðó ò¨îÃðð×ð Ùððü±ðÃðð èø `the boy asks for his book`;
âðÀÿ¨÷î Ðð÷ ¡ÑðÐðó Ùððü çð÷ ¨îèð `the boy told his mother,»
The Plural forms are the same as those of the Singular.
¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð remains unchanged.
CHAPTER XVIII
Compound Pronouns: Two or more Pronouns may be compounded, or the same Pronoun repeated to denote various shades of meanings. The following are some of the more important combinations:-
¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð See:- ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð is used either as an emphatic (or unambiguous) form for the oblique ¡ÑðÐð÷ (see note below), or as an adverb maning `of one`s own accord, automatically, spontaneously`. Thus:-
çðóÃðð Ðð÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ (¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð) ¨îð÷ Çð÷æð òÇÚðð `Sita blamed herself (her own self)»
ÙðøüÐð÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ (¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð) çð÷ Ñðõ¶ð `I asked myself (my own self)».
But in ãðè ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð µðâðð ±ðÚðð `he went away of his own accord`, ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð is adverbial, and can be replaced by ¡ðÑð èó: ãðè ¡ðÑð èó µðâðð ±ðÚðð. and See ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð (109-c) may be used as an Adverb of manner and denotes `of one`s own accord, spontaneously`:
ãðè ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð µðâðð ±ðÚðð `he went away of his own accord,
¡ðÑð-çð÷-¡ðÑð = ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð adverb. See:- ¡ðÑð-çð÷-¡ðÑð = `spontaneously` = ¡ÑðÐð÷ ¡ðÑð
¡ðÑð-èó-¡ðÑð `by oneself`, `to oneself`, `aside (in dramas)».
¸ðð÷ ¨îð÷ýá `who (so)ever,» ¸ðð÷ ¨ôî¶ `what (so) ever`:
¸ðð÷ ¨îð÷ýá ¡ð¦, £çð¨îð çãðð±ðÃð èø
`whosoever comes is welcome`.
¸ðð÷ ¨ôî¶ òÙðâð÷, Ü®ð âðð÷ `keep whatever you get`.
¸ðð÷-¸ðð÷=¸ðð÷ ¨îð÷ýá or ¸ðð÷-¨ôî¶
¸ðð÷-¸ðð÷ ¡ð¦, £çð÷ ò®ðâðð¡ð÷ `whosoever may come, feed him`.
¸ðð÷-¸ðð÷ µððòè¦, òÙðâð÷±ðð `whatsoever is required, will be given`.
¸ðð÷ ò¨î = ¸ðð÷:
ãðè ¡ðÇÙðó ÙðÜ ±ðÚðð ¸ðð÷ ò¨î ×ðóÙððÜ Æðð `the man, who was ill, is dead`. ¸ðð÷ ò¨î is now archaic, and may be discarded.
¨îð÷ýá-¨îð÷ýá `some, a few` (archaic):
¨îð÷ýá-¨îð÷ýá ÜðÃð Ùð÷ü ¨îðÙð ¨îÜÃð÷ èøü `some, work during the night`.
çð×ð ¨îð÷ýá `all, everybody (prural)» (archaic):
çð×ð ¨îð÷ýá çð×ð÷Ü÷ £¿Ãð÷ èøü `everybody gets up in the morning.`
èÜ ¨îð÷ýá = çð×ð ¨îð÷ýá `everybody` [but singular (archaic)]:èÜ ¨îð÷ýá ¸ððÐðÃðð èø `everybody knows`
¨îð÷ýá-Ðð-¨îð÷ýá (App. III 5 (j) `someone or the other,» `somebody or the other,»;