Способы письма в алфавите языка хинди (стр. 20 из 60)

Note the difference-

Ùðøü £çðçð÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ ³ðÜ ÑðÜ òÙðâðð `I met him at my house`. (Subject Ùðøü)
Ùðøü £çðçð÷ £çð¨÷î ³ðÜ ÑðÜ òÙðâðð `I met him at his house`. (Subject Ùðøü)
ãðè Ùðô»ðçð÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ ³ðÜ ÑðÜ òÙðâðð `he met me at his house`. (Subject ãðè)
ãðè Ùðô»ðçð÷ Ùð÷Ü÷ ³ðÜ ÑðÜ òÙðâðð `he met me at my house`. (Subject ãðè)

(For further discussion, see:- ¡ÑðÐðð (reflexive, like Ãð÷Üð, Ùð÷Üð, ÃðôÙèðÜð, £çð¨îð etc.) is an Adjective. It replaces the latter in every case where they refer to the logical subject of the sentence (``the doer``), whether it (the subject) is in the Direct Case, or in the Oblique Case with Ðð÷, or çð÷ (in Passive Voice), or with ¨îð÷ (266-70).

In the direct case and oblique with Ðð÷, the logical subject is identical with the grammatical: Ùðøü ¡ÑðÐðð ¨îðÙð ¨îÜÃðð èõü, ÙðøüÐð÷ ¡ÑðÐðð ¨îðÙð ò¨îÚðð:

A logical subject in the oblique with ¨îð÷ or çð÷ is not the grammatical subject-that position is occupied by the logical object:

Ùðô»ð¨îð÷ (Ùðô»ð÷) ¡ÑðÐðð ¨îðÙð ¡µ¶ð âð±ðÃðð èø,

Ùðô»ðçð÷ ¡ÑðÐðð ¨îðÙð Ððèóü èð÷Ãðð.

In all the four sentences, ¡ÑðÐðð has replaced Ùð÷Üð because Ùðøü (the person referred to by Ùð÷Üð) is the logical subject in all the four.

But in a sentence like Ùðô»ðçð÷ Ùð÷Ü÷ Øððýá Ðð÷ ¨îèð, Ùð÷Ü÷ cannot be replaced by ¡ÑðÐð÷ because Øððýá is the subject here and not Ùðøü.

See:- ¡ÑðÐðð is sometimes used for denoting ÃðôÙèðÜð (or Ãð÷Üð)=+èÙððÜð (or Ùð÷Üð) in such sentences as:-

Úðè Ùð¨îðÐð ¡ÑðÐðð èó èø `this house is ours (yours and mine)», where the person spoken to is included in ¡ÑðÐðð either, as a matter of fact,or out of friendliness or humility on the part of the speaker (the house actually belonging to the speaker alone).

A further extension of the ``friendliness or humility`` is achieved by saying Úðè Ùð¨îðÐð ¡ðÑð¨îð èó èø for Úðè Ùð¨îðÐð Ùð÷Üð èø.).

However, ¡ÑðÐðð is used as an intensifying Adjective (=own) qualifying the ¨îð or Üð forms which it invariably follows: ÜðÙð ¨îð ¡ÑðÐðð ³ðÜ Ram`s own house,» Ùð÷Üó ¡ÑðÐðó ò¨îÃðð×ð `my own book`, ÃðôÙèðÜ÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ ¨îÑðÀÿ÷ `your own clothes` etc.

As in the case of certain Nouns (see:- The word âðð÷±ð meaning `people`, is sometimes appended to such Masculine Nouns as do not modify in Plural. The signification is that of plurality. but usually, `as a class`: Üð¸ðð âðð÷±ð `kings` (as a class), ¡ðÚðá âðð÷±ð `the Aryans` (as a class), çððÏðô âðð÷±ð `saints, mendicants` (as a class) The compound (Üð¸ðð âðð÷±ð etc.) thus formed is treated as a single word, the element (Üð¸ðð, çððÏðô, etc.) remaining unchanged, and only âðð÷±ð taking case-forms, etc.), the word âðð÷±ð is attached to a plural Pronoun for defining emphasizing plurality: ¡ðÑð âðð÷±ð, èÙð âðð÷±ð, ÃðôÙð âðð÷±ð, Úð÷ âðð÷±ð, ãð÷ âðð÷±ð, ¸ðð÷ âðð÷±ð, ¨îðøÐð âðð÷±ð etc.

In oblique forms, ¡ðÑð, ÃðôÙð and èÙð are not affected while Úð÷, ãð÷ etc. change to ýÐð, £Ðð ÷etc. The case signs are attached to âðð÷±ð only which change to âðð÷±ðð÷ü, ¡ðÑð âðð÷±ðð÷ü Ðð÷, èÙð âðð÷±ðð÷ü çð÷, £Ðð âðð÷±ðð÷ü ¨îð÷ etc.

The word çð×ð is similarly used for denoting plurality: èÙð çð×ð, ãð÷ çð×ð, £Ðð çð×ðð÷ü Ðð÷, èÙð çð×ðð÷ü ¨îð÷, ÃðôÙð çð×ðð÷ü Ùð÷ü etc.

The case-signs Ðð÷ ¨îð÷ etc. are tagged on to the Pronouns, (95-Note) but not ÑðÜ (£çð ÑðÜ, ÃðôÙð ÑðÜ).

CHAPTER XIX

An Adjective is a word which qualifies a Noun, a Pronoun or an Adjective:

¡µ¶ð âðÀÿ¨îð `a good boy` ×ðôÜð ¡ðÇÙðó `a bad man`
¨îðâðó ò×ðââðó `a black cat` ¿üÀð ÑððÐðó `cold water`
×ðóÙððÜ âðÀÿ¨îó `a sick girl` Úðè ò¨îÃðð×ð `this book`
ãðè Ùð¨îðÐð `that house` Ùð÷Üó ×ðòèÐð `my sister`
èÙððÜð äðèÜ `our city` ×ðèôÃð ÇõÏð `much milk`
Ñððüµð ÝÑðÚð÷ `five rupees` ¨îðøÐð-çðó ò¨îÃðð×ð `which book`
×ðèôÃð-çð÷ ¡ðÇÙðó `many men` ¨îýá âðð÷±ð `several people`
±ðèÜð Ððóâðð ¡ð¨îðäð `deep blue sky` ×ðèôÃð ¡µ¶ð ¡ðÇÙðó `very good man`.

Some Adjectives denote a quality (¡µ¶ð, ×ðôÜð, ¨îðâðó); some state number (Ñððûµð), quantity (×ðèôÃð); some describe state or condition (¿üÀð, ×ðóÙððÜ); some only point out (Úðè, ãðè); others particularize or show relation (Ùð÷Üó, èÙððÜð); still others ask question (¨îðøÐð-çðó) etc., etc. Broadly speaking, Adjectives can be divided into two classes describing and distinguishing, i.e. those which merely indicate a quality, and those which point out a person or a thing as distinct from others of their own class. Thus ×ðôÜð, ¨îðâðó, ×ðóÙððÜ, ¿üÀð etc. merely describe, whereas Úðè, ãðè, Ùð÷Üó, èÙððÜð etc. point to thing and persons which are to be distinguished from other persons and things.

Almost all the Pronouns can function as Adjectives:

Úðè ò¨îÃðð×ð `this book`
ãð÷ ×ðµµð÷ `those children` (Demonstrative);
¨îðøÐð ¡ðÇÙðó? `which man?`
©Úðð ¨îðÙð `what work?` (Interrogative);
¨îð÷ýá ¡ðÇÙðó `some man`
¨ôî¶ Òîâð `some fruits` (Indefinite);
¸ðð÷ âðÀÿ¨÷î `the boys who` (Relative);

The oblique forms of Pronouns having ¨îð, Üð or Ððð namely, ýçð¨îð, £çð¨îð, ò¨îçð¨îð, Ùð÷Üð, Ãð÷Üð, èÙððÜð, ÃðôÙèðÜð and ¡ÑðÐðð (except in ¡ÑðÐð÷ ¡ðÑð) etc. are used always as Adjectives. In fact, the oblique forms of all Nouns with ¨îð may also be considered as Possessive Adjective changes to-ýá and-¦.

Note- ¡ÑðÐðð is used also as an intensifying (or emphasizing) Adjective when it follows a Noun or Pronoun with ¨îð or Üð and means `own`. see:- The ¨îð or Üð forms of Pronouns, when referring to the subject of the senternce, are always replaced by the reflexive ¡ÑðÐðð. See:- (d) ¡ÑðÐðð `belonging to oneself`, `one`s own`, is, in fact, an Adjective derived from ¡ðÑð, and is used (like the ¨îð forms: 101 Note) as such (with its modifications ¡ÑðÐðó and ¡ÑðÐð÷) provided the person it refers to is the logical subject of the sentence.

âðÀÿ¨îð ¡ÑðÐðó ò¨îÃðð×ð Ùððü±ðÃðð èø `the boy asks for his book`;

âðÀÿ¨÷î Ðð÷ ¡ÑðÐðó Ùððü çð÷ ¨îèð `the boy told his mother,»

ÜðÙð ¡ÑðÐðð (not £çð¨îð) Ñðð¿ ÑðÁÿÃðð èø `Ram reads his lesson`.
âðÀÿ¨÷î Ðð÷ ¡ÑðÐðó (not £çð¨îó) ò¨îÃðð×ð ÒîðÀÿ Àðâðó `The boy tore up his book`.
£çðÐð÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ (not £çð¨÷î) Øððýá çð÷ ¨îèð `He told his brother`.
Ùðøü ¡ÑðÐð÷ (not Ùð÷Ü÷) ³ðÜ ¸ððÃðð èõü `I am going home`.
ÃðôÙð ¡ÑðÐðð (not ÃðôÙèðÜð) ¨îðÙð ¨îÜð÷ `You do your work`.
£çð÷ ¡ÑðÐðó (not £çð¨îó)ò¨îÃðð×ð òÙðâð ±ðýá `He found his book`.
ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ ¡ÑðÐðð (not £çð¨îð) Ñðð¿ ÑðÁÿÐðð èø Ram has to read his lesson.`
£çð÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ (not £çð¨÷î) Øððýá çð÷ ÑðÃðð µðâðð `he came to know from his brother`.
But £çð÷ £çð¨÷î Øððýá Ðð÷ ×ðÃððÚðð `his brother told him` where £çð÷ is not the subject but the object.

Note the difference-