Способы письма в алфавите языка хинди (стр. 22 из 60)

The Plurals of ýÃðÐðð etc. may denote Number: ýÃðÐð÷ ¡ðÇÙðó `so many men`, ò¨îÃðÐðó ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü `how many books?`, ò¨îÃðÐð÷ Òîâð `how many fruits?`

All these are affected by Gender and Case like ¡ð-ending Adjectives, and may be used also as Nouns. (for corresponding Adverbs, see :- The pronominal Adverbs, like the pronominal Adjectives (137) are derived from Demonstrative, Relative and Interrogative Pronouns. These are:- ¡×ð `now`, Úðèðû `here`, ýÏðÜ `hither`, Úðð÷ü `thus` (from Úðè); - - ãðèðû `there`, £ÏðÜ `thither`, (from ãðè); ¸ð×ð `when`, ¸ðèðû `where`, ò¸ðÏðÜ `whither`, ¸Úðð÷ü `as` (from ¸ðð÷); ¨î×ð `when?`, ¨îèðû `where`, ò¨îÏðÜ `whither?`, ©Úðð÷ü `why?` from (¨îðøÐð); Ãð×ð `then`, Ãðèðû `there`, òÃðÏðÜ `thither`, ÃÚðð÷ü `so, in the same way` (from çðð÷). Ãðèðùü and òÃðÏðÜ (except in proverbs) are archaic or dialectic and as such should not be used. The other two Adverbs derived from çðð÷ [ the archaic correlative Pronoun 110 (iii), viz. Ãð×ð and ÃÚðð÷ü] are affiliated to ãðè (so that the second series in the above list would be Ãð×ð, ãðèðû £ÏðÜ ÃÚðð÷ü). Note that ©Úðð÷ü does not mean `how`. The word for `how` is ¨øîçð÷ (287), or ©Úðð÷ü ¨îÜ (ðÜµðèðòµð 285-1).

Of the Pronominal adverbs listed above:

(a) ¡×ð, ¸ð×ð, ¨î×ð and Ãð×ð are Adverbs of Time;
(b) Úðèðû, ¸ðèðû ¨îèðû and ãðèûð are Adverbs of Place;
(c) ýÏðÜ, ò¸ðÏðÜ, ò¨îÏðÜ and £ÏðÜ are Adverbs of Direction;
(d) Úðð÷ü, ¸Úðð÷ü, ©Úðð÷ü (¨îÜ) and ÃÚðð÷ü are Adverbs of Manner

The Present and Past Participles (See :-Participles are verbal adjectives qualifying noun (or pronoun) but retaining some properties of verbs. Hindi has two kinds of Participles, Present and Past.

(a) Formation of Present and Past Participles has already been explained in 185 and 195:

µðâðÃðð `moving`	®ððÃðð `eating`
®ððÃðð `eating`	ÑðÁÿÃðð `reading`
¡ðÃðð `coming`	¸ððÃðð `going`

etc. are Present Participles.

µðâðð `moved`	®ððÚðð `eaten`
ÑðÁÿð `read`	¡ðÚðð `come`
±ðÚðð `gone`

etc. are Past Participles.

Both the Participles are affected by the Gender, the Number, and the Case of the Nouns or Pronouns which they qualify. µðâðÃðð, µðâðð are Masc. sg., µðâðÃð, µðâð÷; Masc. pl., µðâðÃðó and µðâðó Fem. sg. or pl. The oblique forms for Masc. sg. and pl. is also µðâðÃð, µðâð÷; Fem. forms remain unchanged in the oblique.) are Adjectives, derived from verbs: ×ðèÃðð ÑððÐðó `flowing water`, ×ðóÃð÷ òÇÐð `past days`. Adjectives may, of course, be used as parts of Predicate and undergo the usual changes the usual changes due to Gender, Number and Case:

±ððÀÿó ®ðÀÿó ¨îÜð÷ `stop the carriage.`
âðÀÿ¨÷î ¡µ¶÷ÿ èøü `the boys are good`,

But if an Adjective is used as a predicative word referring to an object which has ¨îð÷, it (the Adjective) remains unchanged. See :- The Object of a Verb in the neutral Construction (174 (c)];

ÜðÙð Ðð÷ âðÀÿ¨÷î ¨îð÷ Ç÷®ðð `Ram saw the boy`,
Øððýá Ðð÷ ×ðòèÐð ¨îð÷ ×ðôâððÚðð `the brother called the sister`;
ÑðÃÆðÜð÷ü ¨îð÷ Ò÷üî¨î òÇÚðð ±ðÚðð `the stones were thrown away`;
ýÐð Ùð¨îðÐðð÷ü ¨îð÷ ò±ðÜð òÇÚðð ¸ðð¦ `let these houses be demolished`. and

The Object of a Verb requiring a predicative word (referring to the object):

ãðè òÐðÏðáÐðÃðð ¨îð÷ ÑððÑð ÙððÐðÃðð èø `he regards poverty as a sin`;
ò¨îÃðð×ðð÷ü ¨îð÷ ±ðÐÇð ÙðÃð ¨îÜð÷ `do not make the books dirty`;
ãðè Üççðó ¨îð÷ çððüÑð çðÙð»ðÃðð èø `he takes the rope to be a snake`.

±ððÀÿó ¨îð÷ ®ðÀÿð ¨îÜð÷ `stop the carriage`,
âð¨îÀÿó ¨îð÷ ¨îðâðð Üû±ðð÷ `paint the wood black`;
ò¨îÃðð×ðð÷ü ¨îð÷ ±ðÐÇð ÙðÃð ¨îÜð÷ `do not make the books dirty`.

The words ¡òÃð, ¡Ãðóãð, ¡ÃÚðÐÃð, ×ðèôÃð, ×ðÀÿð, Ùðèð etc. prefixed to an Adjective (of quality) denote `very, extremely`:

¡òÃð ªõîÜ `very cruel`, ¡Ãðóãð Çô:®ðÇ `extremely painful`, ¡ÃÚðÐÃð çðôÐÇÜ `extremely` beautiful`, ×ðèôÃð ¶ð÷¾ð `very small, or young`, ×ðÀÿð ØððÜó `very heavy`, ÙðèðØðÚððÐð¨î `extremely fearful`:

The Sanskrit comparative and superlative endings ÃðÜ and ÃðÙð are usually attached to only Tatsama Adjectives for denoting more, very, extremely, highly etc.

¨îò¿ÐðÃðÜ `more difficult`, òÑßÚðÃðÙð `very dear, dearest, darling`.

CHAPTER XX

Numerals are Adjectives indicating Number. They may be Cardinal, Ordinal, or Multiplicative.

Cardinals are used for counting : ¦¨î Òîâð `one fruit`, Çð÷ ³ðð÷Àÿ÷ `two horses`, ÃðóÐð ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü `three books,» çððø ¡ðÇÙðó `a hundred men`.

Ordinals are used for denoting `position or order in a series`. Ñðèâðð Ñðð¿ `the first lesson`, ÇõçðÜó ò¨îÃðð×ð `the second book`, ÃðóçðÜð ³ðÜ `the thrid house`.

Multiplicatives indicate multiplication : Çô±ðôÐðð `double`, Çð÷èÜð `two-fold`, Ççð ±ðôÐðð `ten-fold`, çððø±ðôÐðð `hundred-fold`.

The Hindi Cardinals are as follows :

¦¨î one Çð÷ two
ÃðóÐð three µððÜ four
Ñððûµð five ¶ÿ: six
çððÃð seven ¡ð¿ eight
Ðððø nine Ççð ten
±ÚððÜè eleven ×ððÜè twelve
Ãð÷Üè thirteen µððøÇè fourteen
ÑðÐÍè fifteen çðð÷âðè sixteen
çðëðè seventeen ¡¾þ¿ðÜè eighteen
£ÐÐðóçð nineteen ×ðóçð twenty
ý©¨îóçð twenty-one ×ððýáçð twenty-two
Ãð÷ýáçð twenty-three µððø×ðóçð twenty-four
çðÄððýáçð twenty-seven ¡¾þ¿ðýáçð twenty-eight
£ÐÃðóçð (£ÐðÄðóçð) twenty-nine Ãðóçð thirty
ý¨îÃðóçð thirty-one ×ðÄðóçð thirty-two
ÃðøüÃðóçð thirty-three µððøüÃðóçð thirty-four
ÑðøüÃðóçð thirty-five ¶Äðóçð thirty-six
çðøüÃðóçð thirty-seven ¡ÀÿÃðóçð thirty-eight
£ÐÃððâðóçð thirty-nine µððâðóçð forty
ý¨îÃððâðóçð forty-one ×ðÚððâðóçð forty-two
ÃðøüÃððâðóçð forty-three µðãððâðóçð forty-four
ÑðøüÃððâðóçð forty-five ¶Úððâðóçð forty-six
çðøüÃððâðóçð forty-seven ¡ÀÿÃððâðóçð forty-eight
£Ðµððçð forty-nine Ñðµððçð fifty
ý©ÚððãðÐð fifty-one ×ððãðÐð fifty-two
òÃðÜÑðÐð (ëð÷ÑðÐð) fifty-three µððøãðÐð fifty-four
ÑðµðÑðÐð fifty-five ¶ÑÑðÐð fifty-six
çðÃÃððãðÐð fifty-seven ¡¿þ¿ðãðÐð fifty-eight
£Ðçð¿ fifty-nine çðð¿ sixty
ý¨îçð¿ sixty-one ×ððçð¿ sixty-two
òÃðÜçð¿ (ëð÷çð¿) sixty-three µððøüçð¿ sixty-four
Ñðøüçð¿ sixty-five ò¶Úððçð¿ sixty-six
çðÀÿçð¿ sixty-seven ¡Àÿçð¿ sixty-eight
£ÐðèÄðÜ sixty-nine çðÄðÜ seventy
ý¨îèÄðÜ seventy-one ×ðèÄðÜ seventy-two
òÃðèÄðÜ seventy-three µððøèÄðÜ seventy-four
ÑðµðèÄðÜ (Ñð-) seventy-five ò¶èÄðÜ seventy-six
çðÃðèÄðÜ (çðÃðÄðÜ) seventy-seven ¡¿èÄðÜ seventy-eight
£Ðððçðó (£ÐÚððçðó) seventy-nine ¡ççðó eighty
ý©Úððçðó eighty-one ×ðÚððçðó eighty-two
òÃðÜðçðó eighty-three µððøÜðçðó eighty-four
Ñðµððçðó eighty-five ò¶Úððçðó eighty-six
çðÃððçðó eighty-seven ¡¿ðçðó eighty-eight
Ððãððçðó eighty-nine Ðð××ð÷ ninety
ý©ÚððÐðãð÷ ninety-one ×ððÐðãð÷ ninety -two
òÃðÜðÐðãð÷ ninety -three µððøÜðÐðãð÷ ninety-four
ÑðµððÐðãð÷ ninety-five ò¶ÚððÐðãð÷ ninety-six
çðÄððÐðãð÷ ninety-seven ¡¾þ¿ðÐðãð÷ (¾þ¿) ninety-eigh
òÐðãÚððÐðãð÷ ninety-nine çððø hundre
äðõÐÚð zero (¦¨î) çððø (one)hundred
Çð÷ çððø two hundred è¸ððÜ thousand
âðð®ð hundred thousand Ççð âðð®ÿð million
¨îÜð÷Àÿ ten million ¡Ü×ðÿ thousand million
®ðÜ×ð hundred billion