(i) ¶: `six` is also written as ¶è. However, ¶÷ÿ or ¶ø approximates the current Hindi pronunciation of the word.
Above `hundred`, the numbers proceed regularly:
¦¨î çððø ¦¨î 101, ¦¨î çððø Çð÷ 102,
ÃðóÐð çððø µððÜ 304 Ñððûµð è¸ððÜ Çð÷ çððø Ñðµµðóçð 5225 etc.
Note:- There is no change in the form of the above numerals due to Gender or Case. As for Number, obviously, ¦¨î is Singular and the rest are Plural by nature,
(a) Nouns denoting measure, weight etc., when preceded by a numeral or by an Adjective denoting indefinite number: (153), are used as Adjectives (of quantity) :
Çð÷ ±ðºð ¨îÑðÀÿð `two yards of cloth`;
ÃðóÐð ÙðÐð ¡Ððð¸ð `three maunds of grain`;
¦¨î ±ððÀÿó ýáÏðÐð `a cart-load of fuel`;
¨îýá çð÷Ü ÇõÏð `several seers of milk`;
¦¨î ò±ðâððçð ÑððÐðó `a glass of water`,
Çð÷ ÑÚððâð÷ µððÚð `two cups of tea`.
See:- (a) Masculine Nouns signifying duration attach the special ending-¡ð÷ü for denoting a large but indefinite Number : ×ðÜçð `year` ×ðÜçðð÷ü `several years`; ÙðèóÐðð `month` `several months`. This ¡ð÷ü is really a numerical ending.
All the modifications that a Noun undergoes with regared to Number and Case (Direct or Oblique) can be tabulated as follows -
DIRECT OBLIQUE
Sg. Pl Sg. Pl.
1. Masc. - ¡ð Nouns -- ¦- ¦- ¡ð÷ü
2. Masc. -.other nouns -- -- -- ««
3. Fem,-ý, ýá and Úðð Nouns -- ¡ðû- -- ««
4. Fem.-.other Nouns -- ¦û- -- ««
or thus:-
SINGULAR PLURAL
Direct Oblique Direct Oblique
1. Masc.- ¡ð Nouns --.. ¦ ¦.. ..¡ð÷ü
2. Masc.-other Nouns --.. -.. .. ««
3. Fem,-ý, ýá and Úðð Nouns --.. -.. ¡ûð.. ««
4. Fem.-.other Nouns --.. -.. ¦û ««
See:
A large but indefinite number is denoted by ÇòçðÚðð÷ü `tens`, ×ðóòçðÚðð÷ü `twenties, scores`, ÑðµµðóòçðÚðð÷ü, Ñðµððçðð÷ü, çðøü¨îÀð÷ü, è¸ððÜð÷ü, âðð®ðð÷ü, ¨îÜð÷Àÿð÷ü, (but Ãðóçðð÷ü, µððâðóçðð÷ü çðð¿ð÷ü etc. are not used).
These forms which may be called `Multitudinous`, are not affected by Gender and Case. Notice the difference between Ççðð÷ü and ÇòçðÚðð÷ü, ×ðóçðð÷ü and ×ðóòçðÚðð÷ü etc. Ççðð÷ü denotes `several tens`, ×ðóçðð÷ü denotes `all twenty`, ×ðóòçðÚðð÷ü denotes `several scores`.
Nouns signifying duration, and those signifying measure, weight etc. assume similar forms when a large and indefinite number or quantity is denoted (83). This ¡ð÷ü may be regarded as the obliquePlural sign used for the direct Plural (93).
ÙðèóÐðð÷ü ×ðóÃð ±ð¦ `a number of months passed`.
×ðÜçðð÷ü èð÷ ±ðÚð÷ `a number of years elapsed`.
ÙðÐðð÷ü ÇõÏð `maunds and maunds of milk`,
±ððòÀÿÚðð÷ü ¡Ððð¸ð `cart-loads of grain`,
¾ð÷¨îòÜÚðð÷ü Òîâð `basketfuls of fruits`,
ÙðÐðð÷ü, ±ððòÀÿÚðð÷ü and ¾ð÷¨îòÜÚðð÷ü are, obviously, adjectival.
But all these Nouns can have only the direct Plural form when preceded by a numeral or by an Adjective denoting an indefinite number. Thus ÃðóÐð ÙðèóÐð÷, ¨îýá ×ðÜçð. Nouns denoting measure etc., when preceded by a numeral, from their Plural in accordance with 145-b: Çð÷ ÙðÐð ÇõÏð, ÃðóÐð ±ððÀÿó ¡Ððð¸ð etc.
Nouns denoting measure, weight etc. similarly attach ¡ð÷ü for expressing a large but indefinite quantity: ÙðÐðð÷ü ¡Ððð¸ð `maunds and maunds of grain`; Á÷Üð÷ü Òîâð `heaps and heaps of fruits`; ±ððòÀÿÚðð÷ü âð¨îÀÿó `cartloads of firewood`, etc. ÙðÐðð÷ü, etc. are in such cases, used as Adjectives (156).
It is to be noted that in the Singular Oblique forms, there is only one change - ¡ð to ¦, occurring in Masc. In the Plural, all Oblique forms have ¡ð÷ü. The Direct Plural has ¡ð÷ü [ in Fem. ý, ýá and Úðð Nouns, -¦û (in the remaining Fem.)]. See, however, 83 where, as a special case, ¡ð÷ü is iattached for forming an apparently Direct Plural.
The Positions or Case-Signs are treated in Chapter VI.
See:
A numeral + a noun denoting measure, weight etc. is treated as an Adjective also as regards the change of form due to Number and Case (but not Gender). Thus,
Çð÷ ÑÚððâð÷ ÇõÏð `two cups of milk`, ÃðóÐð ¾ð÷¨îÜ÷ ¡ðÙð `three basketfuls of mangoes`, (ÑÚððâð÷: Masc. Pl. and ¾ð÷¨îÜ÷: Masc. Pl. like ¡µ¶÷: Masc. Pl. like ¡µ¶÷: Masc. Pl. (127-b); but Çð÷ ÑÚððâðó ÇõÏð, ÃðóÐð ±ððÀÿó ýáüÏðÐð (like ¡µ¶ó Fem. Plural:127-b, not ÑÚððòâðÚððû, ±ððòÀÿÚððû like âðÀÿò¨îÚððû). Also, Çð÷ ÑÚððâð÷ ÇõÏð Ùð÷ü (not....ÑÚððâðð÷ü ....), ÃðóÐð ¾ð÷¨îÜ÷ ¡ðÙð çð÷ (not ....¾ð÷¨îÜð÷ü....): like ¡µ¶÷ Masc. Pl. in the oblique. However, when collective sense is intended, the Nouns retain the singular form: ÃðóÐð ¾ð÷¨îÜð ¡ðÙð, Çð÷ ×ðó³ðð ¸ðÙðóÐð etc.
A numeral + a noun denoting measure, weight etc. is treated as an Adjective also as regards the change of form due to Number and Case (but not Gender). Thus,
Çð÷ ÑÚððâð÷ ÇõÏð `two cups of milk`, ÃðóÐð ¾ð÷¨îÜ÷ ¡ðÙð `three basketfuls of mangoes`, (ÑÚððâð÷: Masc. Pl. and ¾ð÷¨îÜ÷: Masc. Pl. like ¡µ¶÷: Masc. Pl. like ¡µ¶÷: Masc. Pl. (127-b); but Çð÷ ÑÚððâðó ÇõÏð, ÃðóÐð ±ððÀÿó ýáüÏðÐð (like ¡µ¶ó Fem. Plural:127-b, not ÑÚððòâðÚððû, ±ððòÀÿÚððû like âðÀÿò¨îÚððû). Also, Çð÷ ÑÚððâð÷ ÇõÏð Ùð÷ü (not....ÑÚððâðð÷ü ....), ÃðóÐð ¾ð÷¨îÜ÷ ¡ðÙð çð÷ (not ....¾ð÷¨îÜð÷ü....): like ¡µ¶÷ Masc. Pl. in the oblique. However, when collective sense is intended, the Nouns retain the singular form: ÃðóÐð ¾ð÷¨îÜð ¡ðÙð, Çð÷ ×ðó³ðð ¸ðÙðóÐð etc.
Some of the regular numerals are replaced by Collective Adjectives (which are, in fact, Nouns of the same type as those referred to in 145 above). Thus ¸ðð÷Àÿð or ¸ðð÷Àÿó `pair`=Çð÷, µððø¨îÀÿð = µððÜ, Ñðü¸ðð = Ñððûµð, ¶©¨îð = ¶è, ǸðáÐð = dozen = ×ððÜè, ×ðóçðó or ¨îð÷Àÿó=×ðóçð=`score; çðøü¨îÀÿð = çððø. These are treated as Nouns and may be qualified by the regular numerals: Çð÷ ¸ðð÷Àÿ÷ (or ¸ðð÷Àÿð) `two pairs` = four, ÃðóÐð µððø¨îÀÿ÷ `three fours` = 12, Ñððûµð ǸðáÐð `five dozens` = 60, Ççð ×ðóçðó `ten scores` = 200, etc.
çðøü¨îÀÿð is also used in the sense of `per hundred` or `per cent`:¡ðÙð Ççð ÝÑðÚð÷ çðøü¨îÀÿð ò×ð¨îÃð÷ èø `mangoes are sold at ten Rupees per hundred`,ÃðóÐð ÝÑðÚð÷ çðøü¨îÀÿð çðõÇ `interest at three Rupees per cent`.Note:- In accordance with 145 (b), ¸ðð÷Àÿð, µððø¨îÀÿð and çðøü¨îÀÿð (which are Masc.) may or may not change to ¸ðð÷Àÿ÷, µððø¨îÀÿ÷, and çðøü¨îÀÿ÷ in the plural. Ñðü¸ðð and ¶©¨îð, however, change regularly to Ñðü¸ð÷ and ¶©¨÷î. ¸ðð÷Àÿó, ×ðóçðó and ¨îð÷Àÿó being Feminine, remain unchanged.
Fractions are expressed as follows :-
1/4 = ¦¨î ×ð¾÷ µððÜ (one divided by four).or Ñððãð (used mainly for denoting weights):
Ñððãð (çð÷Ü) = 1/4 seer,
or µððøÆððýá (or µððøÆðð Øðð±ð `quarter`).
1/3 = ¦¨î ×ð¾÷ ÃðóÐð or òÃðèðýá (or ÃðóçðÜð Øðð±ð) `one-third`.
1/2 = ¦¨î ×ð¾÷ Çð÷ or ¡ðÏðð `half`.
3/4 = ÃðóÐð ×ð¾÷ µððÜ or ÑððøÐð `three quarters`.
1/5 = ¦¨î ×ð¾÷ Ñððûµð or Ñððûµðãððû Øðð±ð `a fifth`.
1/4 = ¦¨î çðèó ¦¨î ×ð¾÷ µððÜ or çðãðð `one and a quarter`.
1/2 = ¦¨î çðèó ¦¨î ×ð¾÷ Çð÷ or À÷üÁÿ `one and a half`.
1/2 = Çð÷ çðèó ¦¨î ×ð¾÷ Çð÷ or Áðýá `two and a half`.
3/4 = ¦¨î çðèó ÃðóÐð ×ð¾÷ µððÜ or ÑððøÐð÷ Çð÷ `two less by a quarter`.
3/4 = Çð÷ çðèó ÃðóÐð ×ð¾÷ µððÜ or ÑððøÐð÷ ÃðóÐð `three less by a quarter`.
1/4 = Çð÷ çðèó ¦¨î ×ð¾÷ µððÜ or çðãðð Çð÷ `two and a quarter`.
çððÁÿ÷....`and a half` is attached to three, four and above.
çððÁÿ÷ ÃðóÐð `three and a half`, çððÁÿ÷ µððÜ `four and a half` etc
The system of denoting fractions is used also in denoting fractions of hundred, thousasnd, ten thousand, ten million and thousand million. Thus,
çðãðð çððø = 125 (literally `a hundred and its quarter`),
À÷Áÿ çððø = 150 (`a hundred and its half`), Áÿðýá çððø = 250
(`two hundred + half a hundread`), À÷Áÿ è¸ððÜ = 1,500,
çðãðð Çð÷ âðð®ðó = 2,25,000, Áðýá ¨îÜð÷Àÿ = 2,50,00,000,
çððÁÿ÷ µððÜ è¸ððÜ = 4,500.
¨îð÷ýá, âð±ðØð±ð or ÑßðÚð: placed before a numeral or ¦¨î placed after it denotes approximation:
¨îð÷ýá Ñðµððçð (Ñðµððçð÷¨î) ¡ðÇÙðó `about fifty persons` [111 (iii)and 287 (d)]
âð±ðØð±ð Ñððûµð çððø ¨îó ØðóÀÿ `a crowd of about five hundred`,
ÑßðÚð: Çð÷ çððø ãðæðá èô¦ `about two hundred years ago`,
¨îð÷ýá µððâðóçð (µððâðóçð÷¨î) âðÀÿ¨÷î ¡ð¦ èøü `about forty boys have come`,
Certain pairs of numerals also denote approximation (App. III 5-C) :