Способы письма в алфавите языка хинди (стр. 25 из 60)
çðãðð ±ðôÐðð = 1 1/4 times as much.
À÷Áÿ ±ðôÐðð = 1 1/2 times as much.
Áÿðýá ±ðôÐðð = 2 1/2 times as much.
ý¨îèÜð `single, not double or multiple, lean`, Çð÷èÜð `two-fold, stout`, and òÃðèÜð, Ãð÷èÜð `treble, three-fold`, µððøèÜð `quadruple, four-fold`, çðãððÚðð `1 1/4 times as much` and ÀþÚðð÷Áÿð ` one half as much`, are special forms. See:- èÜð See:- ý¨îèÜð `single, not double or multiple, lean`, Çð÷èÜð `two-fold, stout`, and òÃðèÜð, Ãð÷èÜð `treble, three-fold`, µððøèÜð `quadruple, four-fold`, çðãððÚðð `1 1/4 times as much` and ÀþÚðð÷Áÿð ` one half as much`, are special forms.
The pronominal Adjectives ýÃðÐðð, £ÃðÐðð, ò¨îÃðÐðð etc., when used in plural, may denote indefinite number.
See:- ýÃðÐðð `this much` (from Úðè),
£ÃðÐðð `that much` (from ãðè),
ò¨îÃðÐðð `how much` (from©Úðð),
ò¸ðÃðÐðð `as much (Relative from ¸ðð÷).
In numeration, units = ý¨îðýá, tens = Çèðýá,
hundreds=çð¨îÀÿð, thousands =è¸ððÜ etc.
The words ÑßòÃð and Õîó prefixed to a numeral denote `per`: ÑßòÃð (Õîó) çðø¨îÀÿð `per hundred`, ÑßòÃð (Õîó) è¸ððÜ `per thousand`. But ÑßÃÚð÷¨î (ÑßòÃð+¦¨î) or èÜ÷¨î (èÜ + ¦¨î) `everyone`.
(For weights, measures, names of days and months etc., see AppendixIV-3-8).
¦¨î signifies also `a certain`: ¦¨î òÇÐð `one dya`, ¦¨î ×ððÜ `once upon a time`, ¦¨î ¡ðÇÙðó `a certain man`.
| CHAPTER XXI | |||||||
| | Besides the above, there are also other Verbs which help in forming certain"Voices", "Moods" and"Tenses" of all the Verbs See : Each Hindi Verb has a number of forms for signifying-- (1) the type or the character of the action denoted by the Verb (Terminate, Progressive, Habitual etc.); (2) the relation of the subject to the action (acting or acted upon) (3) the way in which the action etc. is thought of the expressed by the speaker (as a fact, a question, a command, a possibility etc); (4) the time at which the action is thought of as taking place (present, past, future etc); and (5) the Person, Number and Gender of the subject, or of the object. Each of these is briefly discussed below. In Hindi, a Verb is modified according to the gender number and person of either the subject, or the object, or it has reference only to the action. This gave rise to what are known as constructions. Hindi Verbs had three constructions:- Subjectival, Objectival& Nautral (a) In subjectival construction, the Verb has the same Number, Person and Gender as its logical object (the person or thing to whom the action is directed): âð"ÿ¨÷î Ðð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð ÑðÁÿó «the boy read the book`, ¨îÙðâðð Ðð÷ Òîâð ®ð𦠫kamala ate fruits`. äð÷Ü ÙððÜð ±ðÚðð «the lion will be killed`, Ùðô»ðçð÷ µððÚð Ððèóü Ñðó ¸ððÃðó «I can`t take tea`, Úðè ¨îèð ¸ððÃðð èø «It is said. . . . . `. (c) In Neutral Construction, the Verb agrees neither with the subject, nor with the object as regard Number, Person and Gender, but is always placed in the third person singular masculine form. £çðÐð÷ ¶óü¨îð «he sneezed`, âðÙÿ¨îð÷ü Ðð÷ äð÷Üð÷ü ¨îð÷ Ç÷®ðð «the boys saw the lions`, Ðððø¨îÜðÐðó ¨îð÷ ×ðôâððÚðð ¸ðð¦±ðð «the maid-servant will be called`, µðâðð÷, çðð÷Úðð ¸ð𦠫come, let us go to sleep` These are called Auxiliary Verbs or merely Auxiliaries. Hindi has only three Auxiliaries: (1) èð÷Ððð `to be`, with its several forms. (2) Æðð `was` (which is regarded as the past form of èð÷Ððð), and (3) ¸ððÐðð `to go` with its various forms. Each Hindi Verb has a number of forms for signifying-- (1) the type or the character of the action denoted by the Verb (Terminate, Progressive, Habitual etc.); (2) the relation of the subject to the action (acting or acted upon) (3) the way in which the action etc. is thought of the expressed by the speaker (as a fact, a question, a command, a possibility etc); (4) the time at which the action is thought of as taking place (present, past, future etc); and (5) the Person, Number and Gender of the subject, or of the object. Each of these is briefly discussed below. ASPECT (a) The forms of a Verb indicating the type of the character of the action etc. denoted by it are called Aspect. (b) Hindi Verbs have numerous `Aspects`, such as Terminate, Progressive, Iterative, Intensive, Effective, Inceptive etc. All the Aspects (i.e. Verb-forms denoting nature of action), except the Terminate, are made by combining the main Verb with various subsidiary Verbs. (c) The two most important Aspects are the Terminate and Progressive. (1) The Terminate Aspect "represents the act as a whole, as a fact". It is"a statement of fact", the action being"thought of as a whole, not as continuing". "It has two quite different meanings. It expresses a general or a particular fact: «Lead sinks` (general fact). «I see him coming` (particular act)" (Curme). (2) The Progressive Aspect"represents the action as progressing, proceeding, hence as not ended". «He is working in the garden`, «several books are lying in the table` (Curme). The action in the above sentences is represented as actually going on. (d) The Terminate forms are the common, simple forms of Verb as explained in the following chapters. The progressive forms are made with the help of the subsidiary Verb ÜèÐðð `to continue `. . VOICE The forms of a Verb indicating the relations of the subject to the action etc. (denoted by the Verb) are called voices. Hindi has three voices active, passive and impersonal. (a) "The active voice indicates that the subjects does something is, or is becoming something". Thus, in the active voice the grammatical subject («that about which something has been said`) is also the logical subject-- the `doer` ÜðÙð ¸ððÃðð èø «Ram goes`, ÑðÄðð ò±ðÜð `the leaf fell`, âð"¨îð ×ðóÙððÜ èø `the boy is ill`, ãðè ÑðÁÿ÷±ðó `she will read`, £çðÐð÷ Ùðô»ð÷ ×ðôâððÚðð `he called me`, ÙðøÐð÷ ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ Ç÷®ðð `I saw Ram`, ÜðÙð `Ram`, ÑðÄðð «leaf`, âð"ÿ¨îð `Boy`, ãðè `she`, £çðÐð÷ `he`, and ÙðøÐð÷ `I` are the grammatical subjects. The sentences say something about them. They are also the logical subject-- the doers of the act denoted by the Verbs. (For Ðð÷ see * Ðð÷ is attached to the Subject of a Transitive Verb when it is used in the Past (Participle) form: âðÀÿ¨÷î Ðð÷ Òîâð ®ððÚðð `the boy ate the fruit`; MOOD The form of the work indicating the manner of the action (whether it just happens, or is ordered to be done, or is dependent upon a condition etc.) are called moods. Hindi has three moods--- Imperative, indicative and subjunctive. (a) The imperative mood is a form of Verb expressive and action as a command, a request, a warning, prohibition etc. The subject is frequently omitted but can be easily guessed from both the context and the form of the work. (Ãðõ) ¸ðð `go` (thou) (ÃðôÙð) ãðèðü Ðð ¸ððÐðð don`t (you) ever go there, ¡ðÑð ¡ðýᦠ`please come`. (b) The imperative mood is form of Verb which represents the action as a fact, or makes a query about it. ãðè ±ðÚðð `he went` ©Úðð ãðè ¸ðð¦±ðð ? `will he go` ? âð"ÿ¨îð ®ð÷âð Üèð èø `the boy is playing`. (c) The subjunctive mood is a form of Verb, which represents the action as a desire, a hope, a possibility, a probability, a condition, a presumption etc. It has four varieties :- (i) Optative, expressing desire, demand, entreaty, requirement; £çð÷ µððòè¦ ò¨î ãðè ³ðÜ ¸ð𦠫he ought to go home` TENSE The forms of a Verb indicating the time of the action are called tenses. Hindi has six tenses: present, past, future, present perfect, habitual past and past perfect. (a) The present tense represent the act as now going on, or as habitual, repeated or characteristics or it expresses general truth. ãðè ¡ð Üèð èø «he is coming` (act going on- progressive) CONSTRUCTION In Hindi, a Verb is modified according to the gender number and person of either the subject, or the object, or it has reference only to the action. This gave rise to what are known as constructions. Hindi Verbs had three constructions:- Subjectival, Objectival& Nautral (a) In subjectival construction, the Verb has the same Number, Person and Gender as its logical object (the person or thing to whom the action is directed): âð"ÿ¨÷î Ðð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð ÑðÁÿó «the boy read the book`, | | |||||
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| CHAPTER XXII | |||||||
| | (a) Of the three Voices referred to in 171, the Active (in its three constructions) is by far the most important. The forms (Imperative, Indicative and Subjunctive) discussed in this and the following chapters are all Active. The Passive and the Impersonal forms will be treated in Chapter XIV. As for the Aspect (170) all the forms given in these chapters are to be taken as Terminate, unless otherwise stated. Aspects will be treated along with Compound Verbs (Chapter XIII). Of the three moods referred to in 172, the Imperative has the simplest formation. This will, therefore, be discussed first. The Imperative Mood, as already stated (178), denotes command, request, warning, prohibition, entreaty etc. By its very nature, the Imperative cannot refer to the past: command or request is impossible with regared to a past action. The Imperative, therefore, is restricted to the Present and the Future Tenses. (In fact, the Imperative cannot refer even to the present, since what the speaker wants done can take place only after he has spoken: it is neither going on, nor completed at the moment of speaking. Some Imperative forms, however, refer specifically to future - relatively distant future. It is mainly for distinguishing these forms from the ordinary forms that the Imperative is said to have a present form as well). Since the Imperative denotes command, request etc., its proper domain is the second person. Indirect command request etc. made to a third person may be expressed by the subjunctive (optative) forms. See :- (a) ¡ð¦ (third person sg.) represenst the action mainly as a desire, wish, command, requirement, purpose; but also as a condition (although not contrary to fact), a supposition, a possibility etc., almost always with an implied reference to future. This form may be called ``Optative``. (b) The Optative forms have already been noted in connection with the Indicative Future forms (203). The forms for ¡ð `come` would be:- Singular Plural | ||||||
For the roots µðâð and èð÷, the forms would be:-