Способы письма в алфавите языка хинди (стр. 27 из 60)

Note: The root Ç÷Ððð `to give` makes Çð÷ (not Ç÷¡ð÷). and âð÷Ððð `to take` makes âðð÷ (not âð÷¡ð÷).

(ii) The alternative forms ¡ðãðð÷, ¸ððãðð÷ (instead of ¡ð¡ð÷, ¸ðð¡ð÷) etc., occasionally met with, should be discarded.

(iii) The usage of second person plural form is similar to that of the second person plural pronoun ÃðôÙð.

With the second person honorific pronoun ¡ðÑð See. ¡ðÑð is the polite and respectful form of address for all, both in the singular and the plural. (it is occasionally used also for a person `spoken about`.)- ý¦ is appended to the root.

(¡ðÑð) ÑðòÁÿ¦ `please read`,
(¡ðÑð) ¡ðý¦ `please come`,
(¡ðÑð) ¸ððý¦ `please go`.

Note: (i) The following roots have exceptional forms in the honorific:

¨îÜÐðð `to do` makes ¨îóò¸ð¦ (besides ¨îòܦ),
âð÷Ððð `to take` makes âðóò¸ð¦,
Ç÷Ððð `to give` makes Çóò¸ð¦,
ÑðóÐðð `to drink` makes Ñðóò¸ð¦ |

But èõò¸ð¦ form èð÷Ððð `to be` is archaic and should be discarded. The correct form is èð÷ý¦ which is rarely used.

¡ðý¦, ¸ððý¦ etc. are also written ¡ðýÚð÷, ¸ððýÚð÷ etc. but the former are preferable. The honorific forms are used in the same way as the honorific Pronoun. See ¡ðÑð is the polite and respectful form of address for all, both in the singular and the plural. (it is occasionally used also for a person `spoken about`.)

(a) The Future forms of the Imperative, both Singular and Plural, are identical with the Infinitive forms of roots - µðâðÐðð, ¡ðÐðð, ¸ððÐðð, ÑðÁÿÐðð etc.

Ãðõ ãðèðû Ðð ¸ððÐðð `thou should not go there`,
ÃðôÙð äððÙð ¨îð÷ Ðð ¡ðÐðð `you should not come in the evening`,
ÃðôÙð ¨îðâð Ùð÷Ü÷ çððÆð µðâðÐðð `you should come with me to-morrow`.

These forms usually imply advice or mild command. They are not used with the honorific pronoun, which has the optative form instead. See With the honorific pronoun, the Optatives may denote polite request or suggestion:

¡ðÑð ãðèðü Ðð ¸ðð¦û `you had better not go there` (180-a).

The polite future Imperative is made by adding-ga to the honorfic forms:-

¡ðÑð ¨îâð ¡ðý¦±ðð `kindly come to-morrow`,
¡ðÑð ãðèðû Ðð ¸ððý¦±ðð `you had better not go there`,
¡ðÑð Ùðô»ð÷ Ñðëð Øð÷ò¸ð¦±ðð `you will kindly send me a letter`.

These forms are identical with, and have been taken over from the polite future forms. .

(a) An exceptionl (`Exclamatory`) Imperative, denoting emergency, danger, warning etc. is formed by adding - ýÚðð÷ to the root:-

ÇðøòÀÿÚðð÷ ! ¡ð±ð âð±ðó ! `run (come quick)! Fire has broken out!,
µðòâðÚðð÷ ! Øð÷òÀÿÚðð ¡ðÚðð ! `come quick ! A wolf is coming`.

These forms are used mainly in calling for help and are addressed to all persons within hearing. Their use as mere Future Imperatives is now archaic or dialectic.

(b) The - Ððð Imperatives may similarly be used to denote warning, emergency or informal request:-

£çð÷ Ðð ¶õÐðð ! `don`t touch it! (it is hot, etc.)»,
Ñð¨îÀÿÐðð ! `catch hold! (of the thif etc.)»,
×ðµðÐðð ! `get aside! (there`s a car behind you etc.)»
ãðè Ñð÷üòçðâð âððÐðð !`will you just get that pencil?` (informal request).

(a) The Present Imperative forms can, of course, be also used with reference to Future also:-

ÃðôÙð ¨îâð ãðèðû ¸ðð¡ð÷ `You go there to-morrow`.
¡ðÑð Ççð òÇÐð ×ððÇ ¡ðý¦ `please come after ten days.`

(b) The so-called `Imperative` forms for the first and third persons are really subjunctive (optative). See :-

(a) ¡ð¦ (third person sg.) represenst the action mainly as a desire, wish, command, requirement, purpose; but also as a condition (although not contrary to fact), a supposition, a possibility etc., almost always with an implied reference to future. This form may be called ``Optative``.

(b) The Optative forms have already been noted in connection with the Indicative Future forms (203). The forms for ¡ð `come` would be:-
Singular Plural

I Person	Ùðøü ¡ð¤û èÙð ¡ð¦û
II Person	Ãðõ ¡ð¦ ÃðôÙð ¡ð¡ð÷
III Person	ãðè ¡ð¦ ãð÷ ¡ð¦û

For the roots µðâð and èð÷, the forms would be:-

Singular Plural Singular Plural

I Person	Ùðøü µðâðõ û èÙð µðâð÷ü Ùðøü èð÷¤û èÙð èð÷ü
II Person	Ãðõ µðâð÷ ÃðôÙð µðâðð÷ Ãðõ èð÷ ÃðôÙð èð÷¡ð÷
III Person	ãðè µðâð÷ ãð÷ µðâð÷ü ãðè èó ãð÷ èð÷ü

There is no modification due to Gender.

The Present Imperative is sometimes called the `Direct Imperative` and the Future Imperative the `Indirect Imperative.` The negative (prohibitive) forms of the Imperative are made by placing a ÙðÃð or Ðð immediately before the Verb. ÙðÃð is more emphatic and less polite.

ÃðôÙð Ðð ¸ðð¡ð÷, ¡ðÑð Ðð ¸ððý¦, Ãðõ ÙðÃð ¸ðð

Note:- (i) The Active Imperative does not have the Objectival or the Neutral construction. All the forms treated above are Active And have the Subjectival construction, the Verbs agreeing with the Subjects in Number and Person. The Imperative forms are not affected by Gender.

(ii) For Passive and Impersonal forms,

For Progressive forms, see :

(a) ÜèÐðð as stated above (256-i 260 261-e and k) can be combined with a main Verb which is eighter in the asbsolutive (root) form, or in the present form or in the participle form: ãðè ¸ðð Üè ð èø `he is going`, ãðè ¸ððÃðð ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps going (habitually), ãðè ×ðø¿ð ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps sitting`, ãðè ¨ ð÷¾ ÑðèÐð÷ ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps wearing a coat,

(b)of these, (1) alone dontes an action in progress or in process not yet complited. of the other three forms, (2) denotes a habit (not an action in progress), while (3) and (4) denote continuity of a state. Only (1), therefore, can form the progressive aspect.

It is to be noted that, while (2), (3) and (4) can be used in all Tenses and Moods (¸ððÃðð Üè÷±ðð, µðâðÃðð Üèð, ×ðø¿÷ Üè÷, ÑðèÐð÷ Üèð èð÷Ãðð etc.) in the progressive sense, the Subsidiary ÜèÐðð is always in the past participle form (with the usual fem. and pl. modifications). Besides, it can be used only in the present and the habitual past (¸ðð Üèð èø - ¸ðð Üèð Æðð) or in the Subjective forms ¡ðÃðð èð÷, ¡ðÃðð èð÷Ãðð, ¡ðÃðð èð÷±ðð, ¡ð Üèð èð÷, ¡ð Üèð èð÷Ãðð, ¡ð Üèð èð÷±ðð. In fact, ¡ð Üèð is to be regarded as a past participle form of the compound ¡ð + ÜèÐðð, and as equivalent to ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð. This is clear from the fact that a present participle when used as an Adjective denotes the progressive aspect with the help of forms like ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð, ¸ððÃðð èô¡ð etc. (241).
It may also be noted that the rare progressive of the simple past (when used as future conditional) is ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð. (322). It is evident from the above that Hindi Verbs have a regular progressive form only in those Tenses and Moods which are made with the help of a present participle. These are :-

ãðè ¸ððÃðð èø (¸ðð Üèð èø) Present Indicative,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð Æðð (¸ðð Üèð Æðð) Habitual Past-Indicative,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð èð÷ (¸ðð Üèð èð÷) Present Potential,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð èð÷Ãðð (¸ðð Üèð èð÷Ãðð) Present Contingent,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð èð÷±ðð (¸ðð Üèð èð÷±ðð) Present Presumptive.

The Üèð forms in these Tenses are, of course, of the nature of a compound Verb. But having a special form and being so frequently used, they are on par with the common forms (¸ððÃðð èø etc.).

CHAPTER XXIII

The Indicative forms of a Verb either represent the action etc. as a fact or make a query about it. These forms can be of any of the six Tenses, and of any Number, Person and Gender. In the Active Voice (which alone is being discussed here), they can have any of the three `construction`.

The Indicative Present is formed with the help of the Present Participl and the present forms of the Substantive Verb èø (èð÷) :

ãðè µðâðÃðð èø `he moves`.

The Present Participal is an Adjective derived from a Verb, and is formed by appending Ãðð to the bare root. Thus, the Present Participle of µðâð `move` is µðâðÃðð `moving`, of ¡ð `come`, it is ¡ðÃðð `coming`, of ¸ðð `go`, ¸ððÃðð `going` etc.

Being an Adjective ending in -¡ð , the Present Perticiple is subject to the same modifications due to Number and Gender as an ordinary ¡ð-Adjecive (127). µðâðÃðð etc. are Masculine Singlar in form and may, therefore, be used if the subject is Masc. and Sing. With a Feminine subject (singular or plural) µðâðÃðð etc. change to µðâðÃðó etc.; and with a Masc. plural subject to µðâðÃð÷ (also oblique) etc.

The Presen: forms of the Substantive Verb are as follows:-

First Person -singular èõû plural èøü
Second Person" èøü " èð÷
Third Person " èøü " èøü

These are not affected by Gender.

188. Thus, the present Indicative forms of the root µðâð are as follows:-

with a Masculine subject:-

singular plural

First Person Ùðøü µðâðÃðð èõü `I move`, èÙð µðâðÃð÷ èø `we move`.
Second Person Ãðõ µðâðÃðð èøü `thou movest`, ÃðôÙð µðâðÃð÷ èð÷ `you move`.
Third Person ãðè µðâðÃðð èøü `he (or it) moves`, ãð÷ µðâðÃð÷ èøü `they move`.

With a Feminine subject:-

singular Plural

1st person Ùðøü µðâðÃðó èõû èÙð µðâðÃðó èøü
2nd " Ãðõ µðâðÃðó èøü ÃðôÙð µðâðÃðó èð÷
3rd " ãðè µðâðÃðó èøü ãð÷ µðâðÃðó èøü

Note: (i) AN oun-subject is always regarded as being in the Third Person.

Thes, ÜðÙð ¸ððÃðð èø `Ram goes`, çðóÃðð ¸ððÃðó èø `Sita goes`, âðÀÿ¨÷î ¡ðÃð÷ èøü `the boys come`, âðÀÿò¨îÚððü ¸ððÃðó èøü `the girls come`.