With a Masculine Subject:-
Singular Plural
| First person | Ùðøü µðâðð `I moved` | èÙð µðâð÷ `we moved` |
| Second person | Ãðõ µðâðð `thou moved` | ÃðôÙð µðâð÷ `you moved` |
| Third person | ãðè µðâðð `he moved` | ãð÷ µðâð÷ `they moved`. |
With a Feminine Subject:-
| First person | Ùðøü µðâðó èÙð µðâðóü |
| Second person | Ãðõ µðâðó ÃðôÙð µðâðóü |
| Third person | ãðè µðâðó ãð÷ µðâðóü |
Note: (i) The regular and preferable Feminine forms of ±ðÚðð, ¡ðÚðð etc. are ±ðÚðó, ¡ðýá, ±ðÚðóü, ¡ðÚðóü. They are frequently written as ±ðýá, ¡ðýá. ±ðýáü ¡ðýá ÷etc. Similarly, the regular Masc. Plurals of these forms ±ðÚð÷ and ¡ðÚð÷ are also written as ±ð¦ and ¡ð¦, èô¡ð makes èôýá, èôýáü and èô¦ (also written as èôÚð÷). èôãð÷ is now sub-standard.
(ii) Past Participles which edn in - ýÚðð in the Masc. Sg., form their Fem. by changing this ýÚðð to - ýá (sg.) or - ýáü (Pl.). Thus, òâðÚðð makes âðó, âðóü (not òâðÚðó, òâðÚðóü as expected), òÇÚðð makes Çó, Çóü; ò¨îÚðð makes ¨îó, ¨îóü, òÑðÚðð makes Ñðó, Ñðóü etc.
It is to be noted that a Past Participle, when used as a Verb of the Past, modifies its signification accordingly. ±ðÚðð as a Past Participle (Adjective) means `gone` but as a Verb `he went`.
(a) The forms given in 196 (a) and (b) above have the Subjectival construction: the Verbs agree with the Subjects in Number and Gender. This, as a rule, is the case with all the Intransitive Verbs. With the Transitive Verbs, however, the Objectival construction is the rule. The Verb in such cases agrees with the Object in Gender and Number and the Subject is placed in the Oblique form with Ðð÷. See :- Ðð÷ is attached to the Subject of a Transitive Verb when it is used in the Past (Participle) form:
âðÀÿ¨÷î Ðð÷ Òîâð ®ððÚðð `the boy ate the fruit`;
ÜðÙð Ðð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð ÑðÁÿó `Ram read the book`;
±ððÚðð÷ü Ðð÷ ÇõÏð òÇÚðð `the cows gave milk`;
³ðð÷Àð÷ü Ðð÷ ±ððÀÿó ®ðóüµðó `the horses pulled the carriage`;
Øððýá Ðð÷ Ñðëð òâð®ðð èø `the brother has written a letter`;
âðÀÿ¨îó Ðð÷ ®ððÐðð ×ðÐððÚðð Æðð `the girl had cokked the food`;
But the Subject of an Intransitive Verb in the past has the direct form:
âðÀÿ¨îð ¡ðÚðð `the boy came`;
³ðð÷Àÿð ÇðøÀÿð `the horse ran`;
±ððÚð÷ü ±ðÚðóü `the cows went`.
Exceptions:-
A few Transitive Verbs like âððÐðð `to bring,» ØðõâðÐðð `to forget`, ×ðð÷âðÐðð `to speak`, do not take the Subject with Ðð÷; while with çðÙð»ðÐðð `to understand` and ×ð¨îÐðð `to chatter`, Ðð÷ is optional. See :-
âðÀÿ¨îð ò¨îÃðð×ð âððÚðð `the boy brought the book`;
×ðòèÐð÷ü Òîâð âððÚðóü `the sisters brought fruits`;
ãðè ×ðð÷âðð `he said`;
Ùðøü çðÙð»ðð `I understood`;
ÙðøüÐð÷ ¡ðÑð¨îó ×ððÃð Ððèóü çðÙð»ðó `I did not understand what you said`.
| ÜðÙð Ðð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð ÑðÁÿó | `Ram read the book`. |
| âðÀÿ¨îð÷ü Ðð÷ ®ððÐðð ®ððÚðð | `the boys took meal`. |
| ÙðøüÐð÷ Òîâð Ãðð÷À | `I plucked fruits`. |
| Øððýá Ðð÷ µððÚð Ñðó | `brother drandk (took) tea`. |
Note: (i) It will be observed that ÑðÁÿó in the first sentence has Fem. Sg. form because the Object ò¨îÃðð×ð is Fem. Sg. The subject (Ram) ÜðÙð, which is Masc. Sg., does not affect the Verb. ®ððÚðð, Ãðð÷Àÿ÷ and Ñðó in the other three sentences, similarly, agree with the Objects ®ððÐðð (Masc, Sg.) Òîâð (Masc. Pl), and µððÚð (Fem. Sg.).
These forms cannot, of course, be called `Passive`, as far as Hindi is concerned, since the subject in each case acts and is not `acted upon` See: In their origin, in Sanskrit and Prakrit, they had the Passive Construction.
If a Verb has two Objects, it agrees with the primary object (94-e)
ÙðøüÐð÷ ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ Çð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü Çó `I gave two books to Ram`.
There are a few exceptione to the above rule.
The roots âðð `bring`, Øðõâð `forget`, çðÙð»ð `understand, realize`, ×ð¨î `chatter, talk idly`, ×ðð÷âð `speak`, âðÀÿ `fight`, quarrel`, ÀÜ `fear`, òÙðâð `meet` have the subjectival construction in the past inspite of being Transitive. However,
âðð `bring` is, in fact, a compound Verb made of âð÷ `take` + ¡ð `come`; and since ¡ð is Intransitive, it affects the construction of âðð. A sentence like ãðè ò¨îÃðð×ð âððÚðð is to be constuured as ãðè ò¨îÃðð×ð âð÷ (¨îÜ) ¡ðÚðð `he came having taken the book`. See:- It is important to remember that, whether the main root is Transitive or Intransitive, a compound Verb admits of objectival construction (with a past participle) only it the Subsidiary is Transitive. Thus:
Ùðøü Ðð÷ µððÚð Ñðó `I took tea` (objectival construction),
ÙðøüÐð÷ µððÚð Ñðó âðó `I have taken tea` (objectival construction because âðó is trans.) But, Ùðøü µððÚð Ñðó µðô¨îð `I have finished taking tea` (subj. constr.because µðô¨îð is intrans.).Main Verb: Bare - Root (Absolutive Form)
In the compound verbs of this class, the main Verb has the absolutive form without ¨îÜ (243) which is identical with its root form, and remains unchanged. The subsidiary Verbs commonly used are as follows:- (a).
Øðõâð `forget` is generally used as Compound Verb together with ¸ðð `go` which is Intransitive and, therefore, helps in retaining the subjectival construction. ÜðÙð Úðè ×ððÃð Øðõâð ±ðÚðð `Ram forgot this thing` is much more frequent than ÜðÙð Úðè ×ððÃð Øðõâðð. ÜðÙð Øðõâðð or Ùðøü Øðõâðð would, in fact, mean `Ram erred or I erred`, where Øðõâðð is Intransitive. See:- It is important to remember that, whether the main root is Transitive or Intransitive, a compound Verb admits of objectival construction (with a past participle) only it the Subsidiary is Transitive. Thus:
Ùðøü Ðð÷ µððÚð Ñðó `I took tea` (objectival construction),
ÙðøüÐð÷ µððÚð Ñðó âðó `I have taken tea` (objectival construction because âðó is trans.) But, Ùðøü µððÚð Ñðó µðô¨îð `I have finished taking tea` (subj. constr.because µðô¨îð is intrans.).
×ð¨î and ×ðð÷âð are used both as Transitive and as Intransitive. In ãðè ×ð¨îð `he chattered`, ×ð¨î is Intransitive, and in £çðÐð÷ ×ðèôÃð ¨ôî¶ ×ð¨îð `he talked a lot of non-sense`, it is Transitive. In ãðè ×ðð÷âðð `he spoke`, ×ðð÷âð is Intransitive, and in £çðÐð÷ »ðó¿ ×ðð÷âðð `he spoke lie`, it is Transitive. However, »ðõ¿ ×ðð÷âðð is also current.
çðÙð»ð has both the construction: Ùðøü çðÙð»ðð, ÙðøüÐð÷ çðÙð»ðð `I thought or understood`.
ÀÜ, âðÀÿ and òÙðâð are treated as Intransitive Verbs in Hindi. The `objects` of these Verbs attach çð÷ which signifies `from` or `with`:
| ×ðµµðð ¨ôîÄð÷ çð÷ ÀÜð | `the child felt of (``from``) the dog.` |
| ãðè Àð¨õî çð÷ âðÀÿð | `he fought (``with``) the robber.` |
| Ùðøü ¡ÑðÐð÷ Øððýá çð÷ òÙðâðð | `I met (``with``) my brother`. See p>Means, instrument or agency: ÃððÜ çð÷ çðÙððµððÜ Çð÷ `send news by telegram`; ãðè Ü÷üâð çð÷ çðÒîÜ Ððèóü ¨îÜÃðð `he does not travel by train`; µðð¨õî çð÷ Òîâð ¨îð¾ð÷ `cut the fruit with a knife`; Ùðøü Ñðøüòçðâð çð÷ òâð®ðÃðð èõû `I write with a pencil`; Úðè ¨îðÙð Ðððø¨îÜ çð÷ ¨îÜð¡ð÷ ` get this work done by the servant`. |
âðÀÿ, however, is Transitive with a cognate object (165-c) £çðÐð÷ ¨îýá âðÀÿðýÚððü âðÀÿóü `he fought several battles`. Omission of Ðð÷ in the above Verbs may partly be due to dialectic influence.
A Transitive Verb, whose object takes the case-sign ¨îð÷, has Neutral construction in the past indicative:
| ÙðøüÐð÷ ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ ¡ÑðÐðð òÙðëð çðÙð»ðð | `I took Ram to be my friend`. |
| Ñ߸ðð Ðð÷ ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ Üð¸ðð ×ðÐððÚðð | `the people made Ram the king. |
| ÙðøüÐð÷ âðêÙðó ¨îð÷ ×ðèÐð ÙððÐðð | `I regarded Lakshmi as my sister`. |
| çðóÃðð Ðð÷ ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ Ç÷®ðð | `Sita saw Ram`. |
| Ðððø¨îÜ Ðð÷ Ùððòâð¨î ¨îð÷ ¸ð±ððÚðð | `the servant awakened the master`. |
| òÑðÃðð Ðð÷ Ùðô»ð¨îð÷ (Ùðô»ð÷) ×ðôâððÚðð | `my father called me`. |
Exceptions:- Verbs requaring two objects never have the Neutral construction:
| Ùððü Ðð÷ ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ Çð÷ Òîâð òǦ | `mother gave two fruits to Ram`. |
| ÙðøüÐð÷ äÚððÙð ¨îð÷ òµð¿þ¿ó òâð®ðó | `I wrote a letter to Shyam`. |
| Ðððø¨îÜ Ðð÷ ±ððÚðð÷ü ¨îð÷ µððÜð òÇÚðð | `The servant gave fodder to the cows`. |
The Intransitive Verb ¶óü¨î `sneeze` and ®ððûçð `cough` have the Neutral construction in the Past Indicative : ¨îÙðâðð Ðð÷ ¶óü¨îð `Kamla sneezed`. ÙðøüÐð÷ ®ððûçðð `I coughed`. (Ùðøü ®ððûçðð is also correct).