Способы письма в алфавите языка хинди (стр. 30 из 60)

(a) The Indicative Past, as discussed above, invariably refers to a particular act done in the past. It is never used with reference to an act habitually or regularly done in the past, for which the habitual past is used. See:-

ãðè ¸ðð Üèð Æðð «he was going` (going on progressive),
ãðè ±ðÚðð «he went`, (done - terminate),
ÙðøüÐð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð ÑðÁÿó «I read the book` (done - terminate)

Note:- The (simple) past is not use with reference to an act habitually or regularly done in the past: for this habitual past is use. See :-

(e) Habitual past tense represents an act as habitually or regularly done in the past.

ãðè çðÇð çðÃÚð ×ðð÷âðÃðð Æðð «He always spoke the truth`,
ãðè ÙðèóÐð÷ Ùð÷ü ¦¨î ×ððÜ ×ðÙ×ðýá ¸ððÃðð Æðð «He went (used to go) to Bombay once every month`,

The common forms noted above are, obviously, terminate:they represent a particular past action as a whole or as a fact, not as going on. For the progressive, please see:-

(a) The above forms are terminate, not progressive: they do not represent the act as going on in the past. Their use as progressive (``Imperfect`` or ``Continuous``) forms is archaic or dialectic.

(b) The progressive forms are made, as in the present (190) by replacing the Ãðð by Üèð:

Ùðøü, Ãðõ, ãðè ¸ðð Üèð Æðð (Üèó Æðó)	`I, thou, he, she, it was going`,
èÙð, ÃðôÙð, ãð÷ ¸ðð Üè÷ Æð÷ (Üèó Æðóü)	`we, you, they were going` etc.

These, however, represent the progressive aspect of the simple past rather than of the habitual See:-

The forms ¸ðð Üèð Æðð etc. etc. do not, in fact, represent the progressive aspect of ¸ððÃðð Æðð form which they are apparently made. The similarity is purely formal. ¸ðð Üèð Æðð is really the progressive aspect corresponding to ±ðÚðð

CHAPTER XXV

The Indicative Future is formed as follows:-

The root assumes a modified form by attaching - ¦ in the Second and Third person Singular, -¤û in the First person Singular, - ¦û in the First and Third person Plural, and ¡ð÷ in the Second person Plural.

Thus µðâð is modified to -

Singular Plural

First Person	µðâðõü µðâð÷ü
Second Person	µðâð÷ µðâðð÷
Third Person	µðâð÷ µðâð÷ü

These are really Subjective (Optative) forms. See:- (a) ¡ð¦ (third person sg.) represenst the action mainly as a desire, wish, command, requirement, purpose; but also as a condition (although not contrary to fact), a supposition, a possibility etc., almost always with an implied reference to future. This form may be called ``Optative``.

(b) The Optative forms have already been noted in connection with the Indicative Future forms (203). The forms for ¡ð `come` would be:-
Singular Plural

I Person	Ùðøü ¡ð¤û èÙð ¡ð¦û
II Person	Ãðõ ¡ð¦ ÃðôÙð ¡ð¡ð÷
III Person	ãðè ¡ð¦ ãð÷ ¡ð¦û

For the roots µðâð and èð÷, the forms would be:-

Singular Plural Singular Plural

I Person	Ùðøü µðâðõ û èÙð µðâð÷ü Ùðøü èð÷¤û èÙð èð÷ü
II Person	Ãðõ µðâð÷ ÃðôÙð µðâðð÷ Ãðõ èð÷ ÃðôÙð èð÷¡ð÷
III Person	ãðè µðâð÷ ãð÷ µðâð÷ü ãðè èó ãð÷ èð÷ü

There is no modification due to Gender.

To the root thus modified is appended a -

±ðð in Masc. Sg

±ð÷ in Masc. Plural

±ðó in Fem. Sg. or Pl

The Future Indicative forms of the root µðâð, thus, would be-

With a Masculine subject -

Singular Plural

First Person	Ùðøü µðâðõ û ±ðð èÙð µðâð÷ü±ð÷
Second Person	Ãðõ µðâð÷±ðð ÃðôÙð µðâðð÷±ð÷
Third Person	ãðè µðâð÷±ðð ãð÷ µðâð÷ü±ð÷

(b) With a Feminine subject -

Singular Plural

First Person	Ùðøü µðâðõ±ðó èÙð µðâð÷ü±ðóü
Second Person	Ãðõ µðâð÷±ðó ÃðôÙð µðâðü÷±ðó
Third Person	ãðè µðâð÷±ðó ãð÷ µðâð÷ü±ðó

Note:- With the honorific pronoun ¡ðÑð, Third Person Plural forms are used -

¡ðÑð µðâð÷ü±ð÷ (Masc.)

¡ðÑð µðâð÷ü±ðó (Fem.)

(a) Roots ending in - ýá or - ¤ shorten these vowels before attaching - ¦, - ¦û, - ¤û and - ¡ð÷ [50 - (a) and (b)]. Thus:-

Ñðó `drink` makes	òÑð¦±ðð, òÑð¤û±ðð, òÑð¦û±ð÷, òÑð¡ð÷±ð÷,
¸ðó `live` makes	ò¸ð¦±ðð, ò¸ð¤û±ðð, ò¸ð¦û±ð÷, ò¸ð¡ð÷±ð÷,
¶õ `touch` makes	¶ô¦±ðð, ¶ô¤û±ðð, ¶ô¦û±ð÷, ¶ô¡ð÷±ð÷.

(b) The roots Ç÷ `give` and âð÷ `take` drop their vowel (-¦) before attaching - ¦, - ¦û, - ¤û and - ¡ð÷.

Ç÷ makes	Ç÷±ðð, Çõû±ðð, Ç÷ü±ð÷, Çð÷±ð÷,
âð÷ makes	âð÷±ðð, âðõû±ðð, âð÷ü±ð÷, âðð÷±ð÷.

(c)The root èð÷ `be` does not attach - ¦ or - ¦û. But ¤û (First person Sg.) and - ¡ð÷ (Second Person Pl.) are attached as usual. In the First and Third person Plural, èð÷ is nasalized. The forms are èð÷±ðð (II and III Sg.), èð÷ü±ð÷ (I and III Pl.) èð÷¤û±ðð (I Sg.) and èð÷¡ð÷±ð÷ (II Pl.)

(d) It is common to write ¡ðÚð±ðð, ¸ððÚð±ðð or ¡ðãð÷±ðð, ¸ððãð÷±ðð for ¡ð¦±ðð, ¸ðð¦±ðð (he will come, he wil go); òÑðÚð÷±ðð, ò¸ðÚð÷±ðð etc., for òÑð¦±ðð, ò¸ð¦±ðð etc.; ¡ðÚðû±ð÷, ¸ððãð÷ü±ð÷ for ¡ð¦û±ð| ¸ðð¦û±ð÷ etc; òÑðÚðû±ð÷, ò¸ðÚðû±ð÷ for òÑð¦û±ð÷, ò¸ð¦û±ð÷ etc. But the regular, and therefore preferable, forms are those with-¦ and-¦û (¡ð¦±ðð, ¡ð¦û±ð÷ etc.). èð÷ãð÷±ðð, (for èð÷±ðð), èð÷ãð÷ü±ð÷ (for èð÷ü±ð÷), èõü±ðð (for èð÷¤û±ðð) and èð÷±ð÷ (for èð÷¡ð÷±ð÷) are dialectical or colloquial and should be discarded.

(e) In Fem. Plural, -±ðó should never be nasalized. ¸ðð¦û±ðó is the correct form, not ¸ðð¦û±ðóü.

(f) With the honorific Pronoun ¡ðÑð, Third Person plural forms are used ¡ðÑð ¸ðð¦û±ð÷ (Masc.) ¡ðÑð ¸ðð¦û±ðó (Fem.). An extra-polite form is obta ned by appending - ±ðð to the honorific forms of the Imperative, ¸ððý¦ etc. (180-b). Thus ¡ðÑð ¸ððý¦±ðð, µðòâð¦±ðð etc. This form is used for boththe genders.

In the Active Voice, the Indicative Future has onlythe subjectival construction: the Verb always agrees with the subject in Number, Gender and Person.

For Passive and Impersonal forms of Future,

For Progressive Future, see:- (a) ÜèÐðð as stated above (256-i 260 261-e and k) can be combined with a main Verb which is eighter in the asbsolutive (root) form, or in the present form or in the participle form: ãðè ¸ðð Üè ð èø `he is going`, ãðè ¸ððÃðð ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps going (habitually), ãðè ×ðø¿ð ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps sitting`, ãðè ¨ ð÷¾ ÑðèÐð÷ ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps wearing a coat,

(b)of these, (1) alone dontes an action in progress or in process not yet complited. of the other three forms, (2) denotes a habit (not an action in progress), while (3) and (4) denote continuity of a state. Only (1), therefore, can form the progressive aspect.

It is to be noted that, while (2), (3) and (4) can be used in all Tenses and Moods (¸ððÃðð Üè÷±ðð, µðâðÃðð Üèð, ×ðø¿÷ Üè÷, ÑðèÐð÷ Üèð èð÷Ãðð etc.) in the progressive sense, the Subsidiary ÜèÐðð is always in the past participle form (with the usual fem. and pl. modifications). Besides, it can be used only in the present and the habitual past (¸ðð Üèð èø - ¸ðð Üèð Æðð) or in the Subjective forms ¡ðÃðð èð÷, ¡ðÃðð èð÷Ãðð, ¡ðÃðð èð÷±ðð, ¡ð Üèð èð÷, ¡ð Üèð èð÷Ãðð, ¡ð Üèð èð÷±ðð. In fact, ¡ð Üèð is to be regarded as a past participle form of the compound ¡ð + ÜèÐðð, and as equivalent to ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð. This is clear from the fact that a present participle when used as an Adjective denotes the progressive aspect with the help of forms like ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð, ¸ððÃðð èô¡ð etc. (241).
It may also be noted that the rare progressive of the simple past (when used as future conditional) is ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð. (322). It is evident from the above that Hindi Verbs have a regular progressive form only in those Tenses and Moods which are made with the help of a present participle. These are :-

ãðè ¸ððÃðð èø (¸ðð Üèð èø) Present Indicative,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð Æðð (¸ðð Üèð Æðð) Habitual Past-Indicative,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð èð÷ (¸ðð Üèð èð÷) Present Potential,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð èð÷Ãðð (¸ðð Üèð èð÷Ãðð) Present Contingent,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð èð÷±ðð (¸ðð Üèð èð÷±ðð) Present Presumptive.

The Üèð forms in these Tenses are, of course, of the nature of a compound Verb. But having a special form and being so frequently used, they are on par with the common forms (¸ððÃðð èø etc.).