Способы письма в алфавите языка хинди (стр. 31 из 60)

CHAPTER XXVI

The Present Perfect represents a completed act, the effect of which is still present. It is, in fact, a tense of the past; but it brings a past act into relation with the present. The person or the thing referred to by the Verb in the Present Perfect ``must be living or still existing and thus related tothe present``. The Present Perfect ``can refer to the remote past if the present is not excluded by the statement``. ``It distinguishes sharply between present and past`` and can never be used for anything wholly past.

See:- The Present Perfect is really a past tense, but the past act that it represents is always related to the present. It cannot refer to an act which is wholly past and gone. Thus, we can say âðÀÿ¨îð ¡ðÚðð èø `the boy has come` only if the boy is still here, whenever he may have come. But we cannot say âðÀÿ¨îð ¨îâð ¡ðÚðð èø ¡ðøÜ ¡ð¸ð µðâðð ±ðÚðð `the boy ``has come`` yesterday and went to-day` because the boy`s coming can no longer be related to the present: he is gone. Similarly, we can say ØððÜÃð Ùð÷ü ¡äðð÷¨î ¸ðøçð÷ ÙðèðÐð Üð¸ðð èô¦ èøü `there have been great kings like Ashok in India` because India exists and we can relate its past to its present. We cannot, however, say µðÐͱðôÑÃð Ðð÷ Ñðð¾òâðÑðôëð ¨îð÷ Üð¸ðÏððÐðó ×ðÐððÚðð èø `Chandragupta ``has made`` Pataliputra his capital`, because neither Chandragupta nor Pataliputra now exists.

It is, therefore, not correct to call this tense `Recent Past` (¡ðçðÐÐð ØðõÃð) as has been done by many grammarians. The present perfect has nothing whatever to do with the recentness or remoteness of a past action.

The Present Perfect is made by combining the past participle of the root with the present forms of the root èø-èð÷ `be` as given in 187. (The past participle forms are given in 195). As in the Present Indicative (188), the past participle is affected by Number and Gender, while the èø - èð÷ forms are affected by Person and Number. The Present Perfect forms of the root µðâð, thus, are:- with a Masculine subject --

Singular Plural

I Person	Ùðøü µðâðð èõû èÙð µðâð÷ èøü
II Person	Ãðõ µðâðð èøü ÃðôÙð µðâð÷ èð÷
III Person	ãðè µðâðð èø ãð÷ µðâð÷ èøü

with a Feminine subject-

Singular Plural

I Person	Ùðøü µðâðó èõû èÙð µðâðó èøü
II Person	Ãðõ µðâðó èøü ÃðôÙð µðâðó èð÷
III Person	ãðè µðâðó èø ãð÷ µðâðó èøü

The above forms have subjectival construction: the root µðâð is Intransitive. With a Transitive Verb, however, as in the case of the simple past (98), the objectival construction is the rule. The past participle is then made to agree with the object in Number and Gender while the èø forms agree with the Person and Number of the object. The subject is, of course, placed in the oblique case with Ðð÷ (96).

ÜðÙð Ðð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð ÑðÁÿó èø	`Ram has read the book`.
çðóÃðð Ðð÷ Òîâð ®ððÚðð èø	`Sita has eaten the fruit`.
Øððýá Ðð÷ Ñðëð òâð®ð÷ èøü	`brother has written letters`.
âðÀÿ¨÷î Ðð÷ ÑðòÄðÚððü Ãðð÷Àÿó èøü	`the boy has plucked leaves`.

Note:- (i) It will be observed that the past participles ÑðÁÿó, ®ððÚðð, òâð®ð÷ and Ãðð÷Àÿó agree, as regards Gender and Number, with the objects

ò¨îÃðð×ð (Fem. Sg.)

Òîâð (Masc. Sg.)

Ñðëð (Masc. Pl.)

ÑðòÄðÚððü (Fem. Pl.)

and respectively. The forms èø and èøü agree with the same objects in Number and Person (third throughout).

(ii)With a Pronoun as the object or object not expressed, the objectival construction is not permissible, since the Pronouns must have a ¨îð÷ (or ¦) form and, therefore, the Verb must be in the neutral construction (200).

As in the case of Simple Past (200), whenever the object has a ¨îð÷, the Present Perfect Verb must be in the neutral construction (for ¨îð÷, see :- The Object of a Verb in the neutral Construction (174 (c)];

ÜðÙð Ðð÷ âðÀÿ¨÷î ¨îð÷ Ç÷®ðð `Ram saw the boy`,
Øððýá Ðð÷ ×ðòèÐð ¨îð÷ ×ðôâððÚðð `the brother called the sister`;
ÑðÃÆðÜð÷ü ¨îð÷ Ò÷üî¨î òÇÚðð ±ðÚðð `the stones were thrown away`;
ýÐð Ùð¨îðÐðð÷ü ¨îð÷ ò±ðÜð òÇÚðð ¸ðð¦ `let these houses be demolished`)

¨îÙðâðð Ðð÷ Ðððø¨îÜðÐðó ¨îð÷ ×ðôâððÚðð èø	`Kamla has sent for the maid-servant`.
Üð¸ðð Ðð÷ £Ðè÷ü , Ùðüëðó ×ðÐððÚðð èø	`the king has appointed them ministers`.
ÙðøüÐð÷ âðêÙðó ¨îð÷ ×ðèÐð ÙððÐðð èø	`I have regarded Lakshmi as my sister`.

Exception: Verbs having two objects are never put in the neutral
construction

ÙðøüÐð÷ £çð÷ Çð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü Çó èøü `I have given him two books`.

(Objectival Construction).

For Progressive forms, See:- (a) ÜèÐðð as stated above (256-i 260 261-e and k) can be combined with a main Verb which is eighter in the asbsolutive (root) form, or in the present form or in the participle form: ãðè ¸ðð Üè ð èø `he is going`, ãðè ¸ððÃðð ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps going (habitually), ãðè ×ðø¿ð ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps sitting`, ãðè ¨ ð÷¾ ÑðèÐð÷ ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps wearing a coat,

(b)of these, (1) alone dontes an action in progress or in process not yet complited. of the other three forms, (2) denotes a habit (not an action in progress), while (3) and (4) denote continuity of a state. Only (1), therefore, can form the progressive aspect.

It is to be noted that, while (2), (3) and (4) can be used in all Tenses and Moods (¸ððÃðð Üè÷±ðð, µðâðÃðð Üèð, ×ðø¿÷ Üè÷, ÑðèÐð÷ Üèð èð÷Ãðð etc.) in the progressive sense, the Subsidiary ÜèÐðð is always in the past participle form (with the usual fem. and pl. modifications). Besides, it can be used only in the present and the habitual past (¸ðð Üèð èø - ¸ðð Üèð Æðð) or in the Subjective forms ¡ðÃðð èð÷, ¡ðÃðð èð÷Ãðð, ¡ðÃðð èð÷±ðð, ¡ð Üèð èð÷, ¡ð Üèð èð÷Ãðð, ¡ð Üèð èð÷±ðð. In fact, ¡ð Üèð is to be regarded as a past participle form of the compound ¡ð + ÜèÐðð, and as equivalent to ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð. This is clear from the fact that a present participle when used as an Adjective denotes the progressive aspect with the help of forms like ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð, ¸ððÃðð èô¡ð etc. (241).
It may also be noted that the rare progressive of the simple past (when used as future conditional) is ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð. (322). It is evident from the above that Hindi Verbs have a regular progressive form only in those Tenses and Moods which are made with the help of a present participle. These are :-

ãðè ¸ððÃðð èø (¸ðð Üèð èø) Present Indicative,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð Æðð (¸ðð Üèð Æðð) Habitual Past-Indicative,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð èð÷ (¸ðð Üèð èð÷) Present Potential,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð èð÷Ãðð (¸ðð Üèð èð÷Ãðð) Present Contingent,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð èð÷±ðð (¸ðð Üèð èð÷±ðð) Present Presumptive.

The Üèð forms in these Tenses are, of course, of the nature of a compound Verb. But having a special form and being so frequently used, they are on par with the common forms (¸ððÃðð èø etc.).

263. Of the remaining Moods and Tenses,

the Imperative has no progressive form; the Indicative Past has no progressive form - except the rare
conditional ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð [262-d and 322-c]; the Indicative Future progressive is identical with the presumptive progressive ¸ðð Üèð èð÷±ðð (but, obviously, for fear of confusion,
it is seldom used); the Present Perfect has no progressive form; the Past Perfect -do- the Optative -do- the Past Potential -do- the Past Presumptive -do- the Past Contingent -do- the Past Participle -do- the Present Participle, when used as an Adjective, makes itsprogressive either with èô¡ð (¸ððÃðð èô¡ð) or, less commonly with Üèð (¸ðð Üèð) the Infinitive has no progressive form; the Progressive forms of compound Verbs are made by putting the Subsidiary Verbs in the progressive, where possible; the Progressive forms of Passive are similarly made by putting ¸ððÐðð in the progressive, where possible.

CHAPTER XXVII

The Habitual Past represents an action as habitually or regularly done in the past. It does not usually refer to a particular act of the past, nor to an act as going on in the past. It is not correct to call this tense ``Past Imperfect`` or ``Progressive Past``, as has been done by almost all the grammarians. Modern Hindi usage does not warrant this nomenclature. See below

(a) The above forms are terminate, not progressive: they do not represent the act as going on in the past. Their use as progressive (``Imperfect`` or ``Continuous``) forms is archaic or dialectic.

(b) The progressive forms are made, as in the present (190) by replacing the Ãðð by Üèð:

Ùðøü, Ãðõ, ãðè ¸ðð Üèð Æðð (Üèó Æðó)	`I, thou, he, she, it was going`,
èÙð, ÃðôÙð, ãð÷ ¸ðð Üè÷ Æð÷ (Üèó Æðóü)	`we, you, they were going` etc.

These, however, represent the progressive aspect of the simple past rather than of the habitual It differs from the Simple Past (202) in as much as the latter refers to a particular act of the past, whereas the Habitual Past refers to a general fact: