Способы письма в алфавите языка хинди (стр. 32 из 60)

ãðè ¨îâð ×ðü×ðýá ±ðÚðð	`yesterday, he went to Bombay` (particular act: Simple Past).
ãðè ÙðèóÐð÷ Ùð÷ü ¦¨î ×ððÜ	`he used to go to Bombay once every month`.
×ðü×ðýá ¸ððÃðð Æðð	(habitual act:Habitual Past).

The Verbs of the two senternces are not inter-changeable.

The Habitual Past is formed by combining

Æðð (Masc. Sg.)

Æð÷ (Masc. Pl.)

Æðó (Fem. Sg.)

Æðóü (Fem. Pl.)

with the present participle forms of the Verb (Which, of course, are affected by the Number and Gender of the subject, see

196. These forms, when used as Verbs of the Past Tense, modify their -¡ð to ýá in the Feminine Singular, to - ýá in the Feminine Plural, and to - ¦ in the Masculine Plural. Thus :-

µðâðð Masc. Sg.

µðâðó Fem Sg.

µðâðóü Fem. Pl.

µðâð÷ Masc. Pl.

and There is, however, no modification due to Person. The Past Indicative forms of µðâð are:-

With a Masculine Subject:-

Singular Plural

First person	Ùðøü µðâðð `I moved`	èÙð µðâð÷ `we moved`
Second person	Ãðõ µðâðð `thou moved`	ÃðôÙð µðâð÷ `you moved`
Third person	ãðè µðâðð `he moved`	ãð÷ µðâð÷ `they moved`.

With a Feminine Subject:-

First person	Ùðøü µðâðó èÙð µðâðóü
Second person	Ãðõ µðâðó ÃðôÙð µðâðóü
Third person	ãðè µðâðó ãð÷ µðâðóü

) The Habitual Passt forms are not affected by Person.

The forms of the root ¸ðð `go` will, thus, be:- with a Masculine Subject :

Singular Plural

I Person	Ùðøü ¸ððÃðð Æðð èÙð ¸ððÃð÷ Æð÷
II Person	Ãðõ ¸ððÃðð Æðð ÃðôÙð ¸ððÃð÷ Æð÷
III Person	ãðè ¸ððÃðð Æðð ãð÷ ¸ððÃð÷ Æð÷

with a Feminine Subject :-

Singular Plural

I Person	Ùðøü ¸ððÃðó Æðó èÙð ¸ððÃðó Æðóü
II Person	Ãðõ ¸ððÃðó Æðóü ÃðôÙð ¸ððÃðó Æðóü
III Person	ãðè ¸ððÃðó Æðó ãð÷ ¸ððÃðó Æðóü

A special form of the Habitual Past is obtained by omitting the auxiliaries Æðð, Æð÷, Æðó, Æðóü. It is used almost exclusively in narrating a repeated act of the past.

èÙð âðð÷±ð çð×ð÷Ü÷ èó ãðèðü ¸ððÃð÷ Úðð ¸ððÚðð ¨îÜÃð÷ ¡ðøÜ äððÙð ¨îð÷ âððø¾Ãð÷ Úðð âððø¾ð ¨îÜÃð÷

`we would (we used to) go there every morning and return in the evening.` This form may be called `Frequentative` or `Repetitive` Past.

Note:- In the Fem. Pl. of the Frequentative Past, the present participle has a - Ãðóü instead of the usual - Ãðó:

ãð÷ ¸ððÃðóü `they (Fem,) would go`.

The `Frequentative` forms are not tobe confused with the contingent forms (233) with which they are apparently identical.

(a) The above forms are terminate, not progressive: they do not represent the act as going on in the past. Their use as progressive (``Imperfect`` or ``Continuous``) forms is archaic or dialectic.

(b) The progressive forms are made, as in the present (190) by replacing the Ãðð by Üèð:

Ùðøü, Ãðõ, ãðè ¸ðð Üèð Æðð (Üèó Æðó)	`I, thou, he, she, it was going`,
èÙð, ÃðôÙð, ãð÷ ¸ðð Üè÷ Æð÷ (Üèó Æðóü)	`we, you, they were going` etc.

These, however, represent the progressive aspect of the simple past rather than of the habitual. See

The forms ¸ðð Üèð Æðð etc. etc. do not, in fact, represent the progressive aspect of ¸ððÃðð Æðð form which they are apparently made. The similarity is purely formal. ¸ðð Üèð Æðð is really the progressive aspect corresponding to ±ðÚðð

(a) The Past Habitual (including the ``Frequentative``) is restricted to the present (191-92) with the help of Ððèóü and ©Úðð. The Auxiliaries Æðó, Æð÷, Æðóü however, are not omitted:

òÑð¶ÿâð÷ ãðæðá èÙð Úðèðü Ððèóü ¡ðÃð÷ Æð÷	`last year, we did not use to come here`,
£Ðð òÇÐðð÷ü ©Úðð ÃðôÙð ç¨õîâð Ùð÷ü ÑðÁÿÃð÷ Æð÷	were you, then, studying in a school?`

CHAPTER XXVIII

The Past Perfect represents ``a past action or state as completed at or before a certain past time``. It is not ``remote past``, as is usually supposed.

It is formed by combining Æðð, Æðó, Æðóü with the past participle forms (195) of the main Verb:

Ùðøü ±ðÚðð Æðð	`I has gone` (Masc.)
èÙð ±ðÚð÷ Æð÷	`we had gone` (Masc.)
ãðè ±ðýá Æðó	`she had gone` (Fem.)
ãð÷ ±ðýá Æðóü	`they had gone` (Fem.)

There is no modificatin due to Peson. The honorific form has Third Person Plural:

¡ðÑð ±ð¦ Æð÷ (±ðýá Æðóü).

(a) As in the case of the Simple Past (198), the Transitive Verbs have the objectival construction in the Past Perfect; the Verb agrees with the object in Gender and Number, and the subject is placed in the oblique form with Ðð÷:

âðÀÿ¨÷î Ðð÷ ÇõÏð òÑðÚðð Æðð	`the boy had taken milk`,
âðÀÿ¨÷î Ðð÷ µððÚð Ñðó Æðó	`the boy had taken tea`,
ÙðøüÐð÷ ÃðóÐð ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü ÑðÁÿó Æðóü	`I had read three books`,
×ðòèÐð Ðð÷ Òîâð ®ðð¦ Æð÷	`the sister had eaten fruits`.

(b) The above rule is subject to the same exceptions as the rule regarding the Simple Past (199):

Ùðøü ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü âððÚðð Æðð

`I had brought books` (not ÙðøüÐð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü âððýá Æðóü).

(c) In the case of the Verbs having two objects, the Verb agrees with the primary object [ see

Every Primary (Animate or Inanimate) Object of a verb having two Objects [See:

(c) Some Verbs have two Objects: `I gave him two books` therefore, is the ``Dorect``, or the ``primary`` Object, and him is the ``Indirect`` or the ``Secondary`` Object. (In most of such cases, the Primary Object answers the question ``what?``, and the Secondary Object answers `Whom?`).

] .

ÙðøÐð÷ ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ ³ðð÷Àÿð òÇÚðð `I gave Ram a horse`;
Ùððù Ùðô»ð÷ Çð÷ Òîâð Ç÷ü±ðó `mother will give me two fruits`;
Øð±ðãððÐð £çð÷ ¦¨î âðÀÿ¨îð Ç÷ `may God grant him a son!`;
ãðè Ùðô»ð çð÷ ¦¨î ÝÑðÚðð Ùððû±ðÃðð èø `he asks me for a rupee`.

and See

If a Verb has two Objects, it agrees with the primary object (94-e)

ÙðøüÐð÷ ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ Çð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü Çó `I gave two books to Ram`.)

ÙðøÐð÷ Ðððø¨îÜ ¨îð÷ Ñððüµð ÝÑð¦ òǦ Æð÷

`I had given five rupees to the servant`.

(a) But a Transitive Verb has the neutral construction if its object takes the case-sign- ¨îð÷ (cf. 200).

Ñ߸ðð Ðð÷ ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ Üð¸ðð ×ðÐððÚðð Æðð	`the people had made Ram the king`,
ÙðøüÐð÷ £çð÷ ¡ÑðÐðð òÙðëð çðÙð»ðð Æðð	`I had taken him to be a friend of mine`.

Exceptionally, a few Intransitive Verbs also (201) have the neutral construction:

âðÀÿ¨÷î Ðð÷ ¶óü¨îð Æðð	`the boy had sneezed`,
×ðôÀþÁ÷ÿ Ðð÷ ®ððüçðð Æðð	`the old man had coughed`.

Note:- Verbs taking two objects never have the neutral construction.

ÙðøüÐð÷ ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ òµð¾þ¿ó òâð®ðó Æðó

`I had written a letter to Ram`.

The Past Perfect, like the simple past (202) refers to a particular act. The act. must have been completed at a past time: it is immaterial whether it was completed a moment ago or centuries ago. We can say ÜðÙð ¡Øðó Úðèðü ¡ðÚðð Æðð `Ram had just now come here`, as well as,

Øð±ðãððÐð ×ðôÊ ¡×ð çð÷ ¨îð÷ýá Ñðµµðóçð çððø ãðæðá Ñðèâð÷ çððÜÐððÆð ¡ð¦ Æð÷

`Lord Buddha had come to Sarnath some twenty-five hundred years ago`.

For Progressive forms, see

(a) ÜèÐðð as stated above (256-i 260 261-e and k) can be combined with a main Verb which is eighter in the asbsolutive (root) form, or in the present form or in the participle form: ãðè ¸ðð Üè ð èø `he is going`, ãðè ¸ððÃðð ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps going (habitually), ãðè ×ðø¿ð ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps sitting`, ãðè ¨ ð÷¾ ÑðèÐð÷ ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps wearing a coat,