Способы письма в алфавите языка хинди (стр. 33 из 60)

(b)of these, (1) alone dontes an action in progress or in process not yet complited. of the other three forms, (2) denotes a habit (not an action in progress), while (3) and (4) denote continuity of a state. Only (1), therefore, can form the progressive aspect.

It is to be noted that, while (2), (3) and (4) can be used in all Tenses and Moods (¸ððÃðð Üè÷±ðð, µðâðÃðð Üèð, ×ðø¿÷ Üè÷, ÑðèÐð÷ Üèð èð÷Ãðð etc.) in the progressive sense, the Subsidiary ÜèÐðð is always in the past participle form (with the usual fem. and pl. modifications). Besides, it can be used only in the present and the habitual past (¸ðð Üèð èø - ¸ðð Üèð Æðð) or in the Subjective forms ¡ðÃðð èð÷, ¡ðÃðð èð÷Ãðð, ¡ðÃðð èð÷±ðð, ¡ð Üèð èð÷, ¡ð Üèð èð÷Ãðð, ¡ð Üèð èð÷±ðð. In fact, ¡ð Üèð is to be regarded as a past participle form of the compound ¡ð + ÜèÐðð, and as equivalent to ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð. This is clear from the fact that a present participle when used as an Adjective denotes the progressive aspect with the help of forms like ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð, ¸ððÃðð èô¡ð etc. (241).
It may also be noted that the rare progressive of the simple past (when used as future conditional) is ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð. (322). It is evident from the above that Hindi Verbs have a regular progressive form only in those Tenses and Moods which are made with the help of a present participle. These are :-

ãðè ¸ððÃðð èø (¸ðð Üèð èø) Present Indicative,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð Æðð (¸ðð Üèð Æðð) Habitual Past-Indicative,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð èð÷ (¸ðð Üèð èð÷) Present Potential,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð èð÷Ãðð (¸ðð Üèð èð÷Ãðð) Present Contingent,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð èð÷±ðð (¸ðð Üèð èð÷±ðð) Present Presumptive.

The Üèð forms in these Tenses are, of course, of the nature of a compound Verb. But having a special form and being so frequently used, they are on par with the common forms (¸ððÃðð èø etc.).

and for Passive and Impersonal Voice,

The various terminate forms of the Indicative Mood (in the active voice), discussed in Chapters III-VIII may be summarized as
follows:-

Forms made with the Present Participle:-

µðâðÃðð (he would move) - Frequentative Past (215),

µðâðÃðð èø (he moves) - Present (184),

µðâðÃðð Æðð (he moved - he used to move) - Habitual Past (212).

Forms made with the Past Participle:-

µðâðð (he moved) Indicative Past (194),

µðâðð èø (he has mover) - Present Perfect (208),

µðâðð Æðð (he had moved) - Past perfect (219).

Forms made with - ±ðð (attached to the Subjunctive forms):-

µðâð÷±ðð (he will move) - Indicative Future (203)

The following points may be noted:-

Note - Ãðð (present participle) and - ¡ð (past participle) as well as - ±ðð forms are affected by Gender and Number:-

Masc. Sg. - Ãðð, - ¡ð, - ±ðð	(µðâðÃðð, µðâðð , µðâð÷±ðð),
Masc. Pl. - Ãð÷, - ¦, -±ð÷,	(µðâðÃð÷, µðâð÷, µðâð÷ü±ð÷),
Fem. Sg.&	(µðâðÃðó, µðâðó, µðâð÷±ðó, µðâð÷ü±ðó).

But Fem. Pl is - Ãðóü and ýá, if there is no auxiliary: µðâðÃðó (Negative Present or Frequentative Past), µðâðóü (Simple Past).

Objectival construction is possible only with the past participle forms (223-b) of Transitive Vrbs:-

ÜðÙð Ðð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü ÑðÁÿóü,

ÜðÙð Ðð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü ÑðÁÿó èøü,

ÜðÙð Ðð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü ÑðÁÿó Æðóü |

Neutral construction is possible only with the past participle forms of a Transitive Verb, when the object is in the oblique form:-

ÙðøüÐð÷ çðóÃðð ¨îð÷ Ç÷®ðð,

ÙðøüÐð÷ çðóÃðð ¨îð÷ Ç÷®ðð èø,

ÙðøüÐð÷ çðóÃðð ¨îð÷ Ç÷®ðð Æðð |

CHAPTER XXIX

The Subjunctive mood, as already stated (172-c), is a form of Verb, which represents the action not as a reality, but as a wish, hope, command requirement, possibility, probability, presumption, condition, etc. It represents in short ``the action or state as a conception of the mond rather than a reality`` (Cwme).

(a) In Hindi, the Subjunctive has eight different forms, that may be divided into three groups representing three tenses, present, past and future. But it must be remembered that the tenses of this mood do not define the time (of the occurrence of an action) as clearly as do the tenses of the Indicative.

In accordance with their main signfications, the eight forms may be divided into four groups - (1) those expressing (mainly) wish, desire, requirement, (2) those expressing possibility, (3) those expressing probability or presumed certainty, and (4) those referring to a condition which is contrary to fact. But it muxt again be remembered that the meanings of the four groups are not mutually exclusive: they often overlap each other. The eight forms of the root ¡ð `come` grouped according to the Tenses are as follows:-

Present -	¡ðÃðð èð÷, ¡ðÃðð èð÷±ðð, ¡ðÃðð, ¡ðÃðð èð÷Ãðð
Past -	¡ðÚðð èð÷, ¡ðÃðð èð÷±ðð, ¡ðÚðð èð÷Ãðð
Future -	¡ð¦.

According to their main significations, they may be grouped as follows:-

Wish, requirement etc.	¡ð¦ (Optative)
Possibility	¡ðÃðð èð÷, ¡ðÚðð èð÷ (Potential)
Probability	¡ðÃðð èð÷±ðð, ¡ðÚðð èð÷±ðð (Presumptiv)
Condition	¡ðÃðð, ¡ðÃðð èð÷Ãðð, ¡ðÚðð èð÷Ãðð (Contingent)

(Contrary to fact)

These forms are, of course, Terminate and Active. The corresponding progressive forms of ¡ðÃðð èð÷, ¡ðÃðð èð÷±ðð and ¡ðÃðð èð÷Ãðð can be made by substituting Üèð for - Ãðð. For Passive and Impersonal Voices, and for other progressive forms, see:

(a) ÜèÐðð as stated above (256-i 260 261-e and k) can be combined with a main Verb which is eighter in the asbsolutive (root) form, or in the present form or in the participle form: ãðè ¸ðð Üè ð èø `he is going`, ãðè ¸ððÃðð ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps going (habitually), ãðè ×ðø¿ð ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps sitting`, ãðè ¨ ð÷¾ ÑðèÐð÷ ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps wearing a coat,

The forms as given above are in the subjectival construction for a masculine singular subject in the third person. The rest will be indicated below under each. ¡ð¦ (Optative)

(a) ¡ð¦ (third person sg.) represenst the action mainly as a desire, wish, command, requirement, purpose; but also as a condition (although not contrary to fact), a supposition, a possibility etc., almost always with an implied reference to future. This form may be called ``Optative``.

(b) The Optative forms have already been noted in connection with the Indicative Future forms (203). The forms for ¡ð `come` would be:-
Singular Plural

I Person	Ùðøü ¡ð¤û èÙð ¡ð¦û
II Person	Ãðõ ¡ð¦ ÃðôÙð ¡ð¡ð÷
III Person	ãðè ¡ð¦ ãð÷ ¡ð¦û

For the roots µðâð and èð÷, the forms would be:-

Singular Plural Singular Plural

I Person	Ùðøü µðâðõ û èÙð µðâð÷ü Ùðøü èð÷¤û èÙð èð÷ü
II Person	Ãðõ µðâð÷ ÃðôÙð µðâðð÷ Ãðõ èð÷ ÃðôÙð èð÷¡ð÷
III Person	ãðè µðâð÷ ãð÷ µðâð÷ü ãðè èó ãð÷ èð÷ü

There is no modification due to Gender.