Способы письма в алфавите языка хинди (стр. 35 из 60)

The present progressive forms, as usual, can be made by substituting Üèð for - Ãðð: ãðè ¡ð Üèð èð÷±ðð.

(a) The following sentences illustrate the usage:-

ãðè ±ððüãð Ùð÷ü ÜèÃðð èð÷±ðð	`he must be living in a village` (Presumed certainty).
¡ðÑð ¸ððÐðÃð÷ èð÷ü±ð÷	`you must be knowing` (presumed certainty).
ãðè ±ððÀÿó ³ðð÷Àÿð÷ü Ðð÷ ®ðóüµðó èð÷±ðó	`That carriage must have been drawn by horses` (inferred certainty),
¿üÀ ÑðÀÿ Üèó èø, ¨îèóü ÑððÐðó ×ðÜçðð èð÷±ðð	`It is cold, it must have rained somewhere` (inferred certainty),
ÜðÙð ýçð çðÙðÚð ÑðÁÿ Üèð èð÷±ðð	`Ram would now be studying` (probability),
¡×ð Ãð¨î ãðè µðâðð ±ðÚðð èð÷±ðð	`by now, he would have gone` (probability).

The two presumptive forms can be used with reference to any time present, past or future, as required by the context:

ãðè äððÙð ¨îó ±ððÀÿó çð÷ ¡ðÃðð (¡ð Üèð) èð÷±ðð	`he must be coming by the evening train` (immediate future).
¸ð×ð ÃðôÙð Ñðèôüµðð÷±ð÷, ãðè çðð÷ Üèð èð÷±ðð	`when you will arrive there, he will be sleeping` (future).
¨îâð ¸ðð×ð ¡ðÑð ¡ð¦, Ùðøü çðð÷ Üèð èð÷¤û±ðð	`I was probably sleeping when you came yesterday` (past).

The simkple future is sometimes used as the future presumptive. Thus, ãðè ¸ðð¦±ðð (pronounced with a slight emphasis on -¦) may denote, (besides `he will come`) `he is sure to come, he must come`, in which case it will really be a presumptive.

The simple future forms of the root èð÷, however, are used as present presumptive:

ãðè ×ðÀÿð òãðÎðÐð èð÷±ðð ò¸ðçðÐð÷ Úð÷ çð×ð ±ßüÆð òâð®ð÷ èøü	`he must be a great scholar who wrote all these books`,
¦÷çðð ¨îðøÐð èð÷ð±ðð ò¸ðçðÐð÷ ÙðèðÃÙðð ±ððüÏðó ¨îð ÐððÙð Ðð çðôÐðð èð÷	`who would be there that has not heard the name of Mahatma Gandhi!`

In interrogation, the presumptive may denote surprise or perplexity:

ÃðôÙ𠦨î òÇÐð Ùð÷ü ýÃðÐðó ÇõÜ ¨øîçð÷ µðâð÷ èð÷±ð÷ !

`how could you walk all this distance in one day!`

The past presumptive of a Transitive Verb has objectival construction as in the third sentence under (a) above. When the object is in the oblique form, the past presumptive has the neutral construction as in the fourth sentence under (a).

For Passive and Impersonal Voice,

¡ðÃðð, ¡ðÃðð èð÷Ãðð, ¸ððÃðð èð÷Ãðð (Contingent)

These forms denote, mainly, a condition which is contrary to fact. They may also express a wish which cannot be fulfilled. Theymay be called `Contingent`. The first two forms ¡ðÃðð and ¡ðÃðð èð÷Ãðð may refer to the present, the past or the future. The last (¡ðÚðð èð÷Ãðð) refers to the past.

D. ¡ðÃðð, ¡ðÃðð èð÷Ãðð, ¸ððÃðð èð÷Ãðð (Contingent)

These forms denote, mainly, a condition which is contrary to fact. They may also express a wish which cannot be fulfilled. They may be called `Contingent`. The first two forms ¡ðÃðð and ¡ðÃðð èð÷Ãðð may refer to the present, the past of the future. The last (¡ðÚðð èð÷Ãðð) refers to the past.

The first form ¡ðÃðð is identical with a present participle.

The other two forms are made by combining the present and the past participles of the main verb with the present participle of èð÷; ¡ð Üèð èð÷Ãðð is the progressive of ¡ðÃðð èð÷±ðð.

(a) The following senteces will illustrate the usage:

ÚðòÇ ãðè ¡ðÃðð, Ãðð÷ Ùðøü £çðçð÷ ¨îèÃðð	`had he come, I would have told him (but he did not come)»,
Ùðøü µððèÃðð èõû ò¨î ×ðÙ×ðýá Ùð÷ü ÜèÃðð	`I wish I lived in Bombay (but I am not living)`,
ÚðòÇ ÃðôÙð ÑðÁÿÃð÷ èð÷Ãð÷, Ãðð÷ Ñððçð èð÷ ¸ððÃð÷	`had you been studying, you would have passed (but you were not studying)»,
ÚðòÇ ÃðôÙðÐð÷ Ñðëð òâð®ðð èð÷Ãðð, Ãðð÷ Ùðô»ð÷ òÙðâðð èð÷Ãðð	`had you written a letter, I would have got it (obviously, you have not written)`,
¨îðäð, ÃðôÙð ¡ð¦ èð÷Ãð÷!	`if only you had come! (but you have not come)»,
ò¨îÃðÐðð ¡µ¶ð èð÷Ãðð ò¨î ÙðøüÐð÷ ÃðôÙè÷ü Ñðèâð÷ ×ðôâððÚðð èð÷Ãðð !	`how nice it would have been if had called you first! (but I did not call)»,

(b) The fourth sentence is in the objectival construction: the Verb is Transitive and the subject has a Ðð÷. The Last sentence is in the neutral construction, the object having the oblique form.

For Passive and Impersonal Voice,

CHAPTER XXX

The Infinitive is that form of a Verb which expresses simply the notion of the Verb without predicating it of any subject. In Hindi, it is formed by adding Ððð to the bare root and is used both as a Noun and as an Adjective.

(a) When used as a Noun (usually Abstract), the Infinitive is treated like an ordinary Noun ending in ¡ð (Masc.). But, being Abstract, it is not used in the plural:

¸ðâÇó £¿Ððð ¡µ¶ð èø	`it is good to rise early`,
ãðèðü ¸ððÐð÷ Ùð÷ü ¨îð÷ýá èðòÐð Ððèóü	`there is no harm in going there`,
ÙðøüÐð÷ £çð÷ Àõ×ðÐð÷ çð÷ ×ðµððÚðð	`I saved him form drowning`.

(b) The Infinitive, in spite of being a Noun, retains its verbal character and can, therefore, take an Object:

Ùðøü Òîâð ®ððÐðð ÑðçðÐÇ ¨îÜÃðð èõü	`I like to eat fruits`,
ãðè ¨îðÙð ¨îÜÐð÷ Ùð÷ü çðôçÃð èø	`he is lazy at (doing) work`,
òÑðÃðð Ðð÷ £çð÷ òçð±ðÜ÷¾ ÑðóÐð÷ ÑðÜ ÙððÜð	`the father gave him a beating for smoking a cigarette`.

The abstract idea represented by an Infinitive being ``inanimate``, It is not usual to attach ¨îð÷ when the Infinitive is used as an object. It does, however, attach ¨îð÷ for signifying ``for the purpose of`` or ``with a view to``. THe ¨îð÷ is occasionally replaced by ¨÷î òâðÚð÷ (see : - a.The following are used with ¨÷î (or - Ü÷) :-
¡ÐÇÜ `within` (³ðÜ ¨÷î ¡ÐÇÜ) ¡ÐðôçððÜ `according to` (£çð¨÷î ¡ÐðôçððÜ) ¡ð±ð÷ `facing, in front of, çððÙðÐð÷ `in front of` (çð×ð¨÷î çððÙðÐð÷) beyond` (Ùð÷Ü÷ ¡ð±ð÷) Ñðó¶÷ `behind` (³ðÜ ¨÷î Ñðó¶÷) ¤ÑðÜ `above, upon` (Ùð÷¸ð ¨÷î ¤ÑðÜ) Ððóµð÷ `below, under` (Ñð÷Àÿ ¨÷î Ððóµð÷÷) Ñððçð `near, with` (ç¾÷äðÐð ¨÷î Ñððçð, Ùð÷Ü÷ Ñððçð) ¡ðçðÑððçð `around (äðèÜ ¨÷î ¡ðçðÑððçð) ØðóÃðÜ `within, in` (¨îÙðÜ÷ ¨÷î ØðóÃðÜ)
Ñðèâð÷ `before` (çðð÷Ðð÷ ¨÷î Ñðèâð÷) ×ððÇ `after` (£¿Ðð÷ ¨÷î ×ððÇ)
ÑððÜ `across` (ÐðÇó ¨÷î ÑððÜ) èðÆð or ÎðÜð `through` (Ðððø¨îÜ ¨÷î èðÆð, ÎðÜð) òâð¦ or ãððçÃð÷ `for` (ò¨îçð¨÷î òâð¦) òçðãðð or òçðãððÚð `except` (Ùð÷Ü÷ òçðãððÚð) ò×ðÐðð `without`, (£çð¨÷î ò×ðÐðð) ¡òÃðòÜ©ÃðÐð or ¡âððãðð `besides` (ÏðÐð ¨÷ ¡òÃðòÜ©Ãð) ×ðÇâð÷ `instead of` (çðô®ð ¨÷î ×ðÇâð÷) ×ðÜð×ðÜ `equal` (Ùð÷Ü÷ ×ðÜð×ðÜ)òãðÝÊ `against` (òÐðÚðÙð ¨÷î òãðÝÊ) Úðð÷±Úð or âððÚð¨î `worthy` (ÃðôÙèðÜ÷ Úðð÷±Úð, âððÚð¨î)òãðÑðÜóÃð `contrary to` (ýçð¨÷î òãðÑðÜóÃð) çððÆð `with (Ùð÷Ü÷ çððÆð)Úðèðû ` (live) with or, `at the place ¨îðÜÂð `because of` (Ùð÷Ü÷ ¨îðÜÂð) of` (Ùð÷Ü÷ Úðèðü `at the place) ×ððÜ÷ Ùð÷ü `about, concerning` (ÑðÁÿÐð÷ ¨÷î ×ððÜ÷ Ùð÷ü). ÙððÜ÷ `on account of` (Øðõ®ð ¨÷î ÙððÜ÷)

and both ¨îð÷and ¨÷î òâðÚð÷ may be omitted when the Infinitive is followed by the Verb ¡ð `come` and ¸ðð `go`