Способы письма в алфавите языка хинди (стр. 36 из 60)

ãðè òâð®ðÐðð çðó®ð Üèð èø	`he is learning to write`,
Ùðøü ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ âððÐðð Øðõâð ±ðÚðð	`I forgot to bring the books`,
ÜðÙð Ùðô»ðçð÷ òÙðâðÐð÷ (¨îð÷, ¨÷î, òâðÚð÷) ¡ðÚðð	`Ram had come to see me`,
Ùðøü £çð÷ Ç÷®ðÐð÷ ¸ðð¤ü±ðð	`I will go to see him`.

Note (i) Infinitives are frequently used in combination with the root µððè `want`:

Ùðøü ¸ððÐðð µððèÃðð èõü	`I want to go`,
ãðè µððÚð ÑðóÐðð µððèÃðð èø	`he wants to take tea`.

¡ðÐðð, ÑðóÐðð etc. in such sentences may be regarded as the objects of µððè See :- µððèÐðð `to want` retains its meaning..
Ùðøü ¸ððÐðð µððèÃðð èõü `I want to go`,
âðÀÿ¨îð ±ð÷üÇ çð÷ ®ð÷âðÐðð µððèÃðð èø `the boy wants to play with a ball`.
Ççð ×ð¸ðÐðð µððèÃð÷ èøü [also ×ð¸ðð µððèÃð÷ èøü `it is about to strike ten`.
[lit. `the ten (hours) want to strike`].

(ii) An Infinitive attaches ¨îð÷ when followed by the Verbs èð÷ and Æðð and denotes ``about to....``.

±ððÀÿó ¡ðÐð÷ ¨îð÷ èø	`the train is about to come`,
ãðè ¸ððÐð÷ ¨îð÷ Æðð	`he was about to go`.

238. The Infinitive is used as an Adjective only in combination with a few Verbs denoting obligation, necessity, requirement, compulsion etc. èð÷, Æðð, ÑðÀÿð and µððòè¦ are the Verbs most frequently used in this sense. The subject in such cases has ¨îð÷ (or ¦ in Pronouns 97-a), and the Infinitive has Ððð, Ððó or Ðð÷, according as the object is Masc. sg. or Masc. Pl.:

Ùðð÷èÐð ¨îð÷ ¸ðôÙððáÐðð Ç÷Ððð ÑðÀÿð	`Mohan had to pay the fine`,
Ùðô»ð÷ ¨îýá ¨îðÙð ¨îÜÐð÷ Æð÷	`I had to do several things`,
ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð âððÐðó èø	`Ram has to bring the book`,
âðÀÿ¨îð÷ü ¨îð÷ ¦÷çðó ×ððÃð÷ü Ððèóü ¨îÜÐðó µððòè¦	`boys should not say things like these`.

Note: (1) It is not uncommon to say ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü âððÐðð èø, ×ððÃð÷ ¨îÜÐðð µððòè¦ etc. for ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü âððÐðó èøü, ×ððÃð÷ü ¨îÜÐðó µððòè¦ etc. The latter forms are preferable. See :- However, when an Infinitive is Transitive, it is used as an Adjective to its object and changes its ending -Ððð to-Ððó or - ne according as the object is Feminine (sg. or pl.) or Masculine pl. The subsidiaries also agree with the object in Number and Gender :

âðÀÿ¨÷î ¨îð÷ Çãðð ÑðóÐðó ÑðÀÿ÷±ðó `the boy will have to take medicine`,
Ùðô»ð÷ ÃðóÐð Ñðëð òâð®ðÐð÷ Æð÷ `I had to write three letters`.

Note: It is not correct to say ×ðµµð÷ ¨îð÷ Çãðð ÑðóÐðó ÑðÀÿó or Ùðô»ð÷ ÃðóÐð Ñðëð òâð®ðÐðð Æðð as is sometimes done on the analogy of Intransitive Infinitives (¸ððÐðð ÑðÀÿ÷±ðð, ¸ððÐðð Æðð etc. which are Nouns.

(c)µððòè¦ `is wanted` or `ought to be.....` is a true passive It can be combined with a Noun in the first sense (`is wanted`) and with an Infinitive (noun, if Intransitive and Adjective, if
Transitive) in the second sense. The subject has ¨îð÷ (or-¦)

ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü µððòè¦ `Ram wants books` (literally, books are wanted by (for) Ram)»,

ÃðôÙè÷ü ©Úðð µððòè¦ `what do you want ? (What is wanted by you ?),
¡ðÑð¨îð÷ ¸ððÐðð µððòè¦ `you ought togo` (Infinitive Noun),
¡ðÑð¨îð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü ÑðÁÿÐðó µððòè¦ `you ought to read books` (Infinitive Adjective).

Note: (i) ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ ÑðÁÿÐðð µððòè¦ is as incorrect as Çãðð ÑðóÐðð ÑðÀÿð. However, µððòè¦ does not modify (asÑðÁÿÐðð and èð÷Ððð do). µððòè¦û as a plural of µððòè¦ (¡ðÑð¨îð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü ÑðÁÿÐðó µððòè¦û) is occasionally met with, but had better be doscarded An Infinitive having ¨îð and combined with Ððèóü denotes ``not willing to.....``, ``not ready to.....``. The Finite Verb (èø) in such cases is omitted:

ãðè Ððèóü ¸ððÐð÷ ¨îð	`he will never go`,
Ùðøü Úðè ¨îðÙð Ððèóü ¨îÜÐð÷ ¨îð	`I am not willing to do this work`.

For further uses of the Infinitive, For Passive forms,

The Infinitive forms are not to be confused with the Ððð Imperative (180-a).

CHAPTER XXXI

Participles are verbal adjectives qualifying noun (or pronoun) but retaining some properties of verbs. Hindi has two kinds of Participles, Present and Past.

(a) Formation of Present and Past Participles has already been explained in 185 and 195:

µðâðÃðð `moving`	®ððÃðð `eating`
®ððÃðð `eating`	ÑðÁÿÃðð `reading`
¡ðÃðð `coming`	¸ððÃðð `going`

etc. are Present Participles.

µðâðð `moved`	®ððÚðð `eaten`
ÑðÁÿð `read`	¡ðÚðð `come`
±ðÚðð `gone`

etc. are Past Participles.

Both the Participles are affected by the Gender, the Number, and the Case of the Nouns or Pronouns which they qualify. µðâðÃðð, µðâðð are Masc. sg., µðâðÃð, µðâð÷; Masc. pl., µðâðÃðó and µðâðó Fem. sg. or pl. The oblique forms for Masc. sg. and pl. is also µðâðÃð, µðâð÷; Fem. forms remain unchanged in the oblique.

(a) The Present Participle can be used like an ordinary Adjective:

×ðèÃðð ÑððÐðó çððÒî èð÷Ãðð èø	`flowing water is clean`,
µðâðÃðó ±ððÀÿó ÑðÜ ÙðÃð µðÁÿðø	`do not board a running train`,
ò®ðâðÃð÷ Òõîâðð÷ü ¨îð÷ ÙðÃð Ãðð÷Àÿð÷	`do not pluck opening flowers.`

Occasionally, however, (for the ske of clarity) a èô¡ð, èôýá or èô¦ Òõîâðð÷ü ¨îð÷ ÙðÃð Ãðð÷Àÿð÷ etc.
Both the Present Participle and the Auxiliary èô¡ð (which is the Past Participle form of èð÷) must agree with the Noun they qualify. Present Participles can also be used as Adverbs (usually as Adverbs of time and manner), in which case they have the oblique (-¦) form, and are often repeated:

ãðè ÑðÁÿÃð÷-ÑðÁÿÃð÷ çðð÷ ±ðýá	`she fell asleep while reading`,
£çðÐð÷ µðâðÃð÷-µðâðÃð÷ Ùðô»ðçð÷ ¨îèð	`while starting (going), he told me`,
Ùðøü ÇðøÀÿÃð÷-ÇðøÀÿÃð÷ Æð¨î ±ðÚðð÷	`I got tired while (on account of) running`,
Ç÷®ðÃð÷-Ç÷®ðÃð÷ ÜðÃð èð÷ ±ðýá	`while looking on, the night fell`.

When a Present Participle is used as part of the Predicate, it has an adverbial sense, and consequently the oblique form:

ÙðøÐð÷ ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ ¸ððÃð÷ (èô¦) Ç÷®ðð	`I saw Ram (while he was) going`,
£çðÐð÷ âðÀÿ¨îó ¨îð÷ ±ððÃð÷ çðôÐðð	`he heard the girl (while she was) singing`.

With èó, a Present Participle (oblique) denotes ``immediately after``, ``as soon as``:

A Present Participle, like other Adjectives, can be used also as a Noun, in which case it is declined like an -¡ð Noun (90) :

Àõ×ðÃð÷ ¨îð÷ ×ðµðð¡ð÷	`save the drowning man`,
ãðè Üð÷Ãðð÷ü ¨îð÷ èûçððÃðð èø	`he makes the crying (persons) laugh`.

(a) A Past Participle can be used as an ordinary Adjective with or without èô¡ð, èôýá, èô¦:

çðõ®ð÷ (èô¦) ÑðÄð÷ ò±ðÜ Üè÷ èøü	`dry (dried) leaves are falling`,
ÙðøüÐð÷ ¦¨î ÙðÜð èô¡ð çððüÑð Ç÷®ðð	`I saw a dead snake`,
Ñð÷Àÿ Ùð÷ü Òîâð âð±ð÷ èô¦ èøü	`there are fruits on the tree` (used predicatively).

(b) It can be used, like a Present Participle, as a Noun:

ÙðÜð÷ü ¨îð÷ ÙðÃð ÙððÜð÷.	`do not strike those already dead`,
ÑðÁÿ÷-òâð®ð÷ ¨îð÷ ©Úðð çðÙð»ððüÚðð ¸ðð¦?	`what advice can be given to an educated (person)?`

The adverbial use of a Past Participle is similar to that of a Present Participle.

£çð÷ ±ð¦ (èô¦) Çð÷ ÙðèóÐð÷ èð÷ ±ð¦	`it is two months since he left`,
çðóÃðð Òîâð òâð¦ (èô¦) ¡ð Üèó èø	` Sita is coming with (literally, having taken) fruits`,
Ùðøü ×ðø¿÷-×ðø¿÷ Æð¨î ±ðÚðð	`I got tired of sitting (lit., continuously sitting)».

±ð¦ ò×ðÐðð or (ò×ðÐðð ±ð¦), ÑðÁÿ÷ ò×ðÐðð or (ò×ðÐðð ÑðÁÿ÷) etc. denote `without going (having gone)», `without reading (having read)», when ò×ðÐðð is a Preposition (or Post-Position). See:- The Post-positions ÙððÜ÷, ò×ðÐðð and òçðãðð (Úð) are sometimes used, for the sake of emphasis, before the Noun which they govern:-