Способы письма в алфавите языка хинди (стр. 37 из 60)

£çð¨÷î ò×ðÐðð `without him`	or	ò×ðÐðð £çð¨÷î (emphatic)
Øðõ®ð ¨÷î ÙððÜ÷ `on account of hunger`	or	ÙððÜ÷ Øðõ®ð ¨÷î (emphatic)
Ùð÷Ü÷ òçðãðð (Úð) `except me`	or	òçðãðð (Úð) Ùð÷Ü÷ (emphatic). ±ð¦ and ÑðÁÿ÷ are here used as Nouns in the oblique form. THE ABSOLUTIVE The Absolutive is formed by combining the Verb ¨îÜ `do` with the root-form of the main Verb:

¸ðð ¨îÜ `having gone`,	®ðð ¨îÜ `having eaten`,
çðð÷ ¨îÜ `having slept`,	£¿ð ¨îÜ `having got up`.

The Verb ¨îÜ itself forms its Absolutive by appending ¨÷î: ¨îÜ¨÷î `having done`.

Note: (i) The Absolutive forms should always be written as two separate words: ¸ðð ¨îÜ, ®ðð ¨îÜ, ÑðÁÿ ¨îÜ, etc., not as ¸ðð¨îÜ, ®ðð¨îÜ, ÑðÁÿ¨îÜ etc. But ¨îÜ¨÷î may be writtern as one word.

¸ðð ¨îÜ¨÷î, ®ðð ¨îÜ¨÷î are archaic and should be discarded, ¸ðð¨÷î, ®ðð¨÷î are similarly to be avoided, ¡ðÐð ¨îÜ for ¡ð ¨îÜ is dialectic and should similarly be avoided. Pairs of allied Verbs can form a `Compound Absolutive:

®ðð-Ñðó ¨îÜ	`having eaten and drunk`,
ÑðÁÿ-òâð®ð ¨îÜ	`having read and written (studied)».

244. (a) The Absolutive is generally adverbial in nature. As its name suggests, it is not affected by the gender, number or case of the subject or of the object. It has various significations :

Ùðøü µððÚð Ñðó ¨îÜ ¸ðð¤ü±ðð	`I shall go after taking tea` (time),
ãðè ÇðøÀÿ ¨îÜ ¡ðÚðð	`he came running` (manner),
Úðè çðôÐð ¨îÜ ãðè èûçðð	`hearing this, he laughed` (cause),
ÃðôÙð ÑðÁÿ-òâð®ð ¨îÜ Øðó Ùðõ®ðá Üè÷	`you remained a fool, in spite of having been educated`.

(b) The following special uses may be noted:

×ðèôÃð ¨îÜ¨÷î	`in all probability`,
òãðäð÷æð ¨îÜ or ®ððçð¨îÜ	`especially`,
¦¨î-¦¨î ¨îÜ¨÷î	`one by one`,
×ðÁÿ¨îÜ	`superior, better`, etc., (See The words ¸ÚððÇð or ¡òÏð¨î `more` and ¨îÙð `less` may be prefixed to Adjectives for denoting comparison : âðð÷è÷ çð÷ ¸ÚððÇð (¨îÙð) ò¾¨îð¤ `more (less) durable than iron`, Òõîâð çð÷ ¡òÏð¨î ¨îð÷Ùðâð `more delicate than flower`. ¸ÚððÇð, ¡òÏð¨î and ¨îÙð can also be used independently for denoting `more` or `less` in number or in quantity: Ççð çð÷ ¸ÚððÇð (¨îÙð) `more (less) than ten`; ¦¨î ÙðÐð çð÷ ¡òÏð¨î (¨îÙð) `more (less) than a maund`. ¨îÙð-çð÷-¨îÙð `at least` and ¡òÏð¨î-çð÷-¡òÏð¨î `at the most` are used as Adverbs for which se App. III 5 (i). ×ðÁÿ ¨îÜ `superior to` and ³ð¾ ¨îÜ `inferior to` are similarly used.).
ÙðøüÐð÷ £çð÷ Øððýá ¨îÜ¨÷î (archaic) ÙððÐðð	` I regarded him as my brother`,
ãðè Ñðôâð çð÷ èð÷¨îÜ ±ðÚðð	`he went over (through, via) the bridge`,
çð×ð÷Ü÷ çð÷ (âð÷¨îÜ) äððÙð Ãð¨î	`from dawn till dusk`,
Üü¨î çð÷ (âð÷¨îÜ) Üð¸ðð Ãð¨î	`from the pauper to the king`.

For Passive and Impersonal forms,

(a) Amongst Participles may be included the ãððâðð forms. These also are made by appending ãððâðð to the Oblique Infinitive forms, and are adjectival in nature, denoting ``one who does``:

¸ððÐð÷ ãððâðð	`one who goes`,
®ððÐð÷ ãððâðð	`one who eats`,
ÑðÁÿÐð÷ ãððâðð	`one who reads` etc.

When used predicative words, they may imply futurity:

Ùðøü ¨îâð ×ðÙ×ðýá ¸ððÐð÷ ãððâðð èõü

`I am going to Bombay to-morrow`.

ãððâðð can also be appended to nouns in which case it denotes `one who sells ...........`, 0
`one who deals in..........`,
`one who is concerned with........` etc.

Òîâðãððâðð	`fruit seller`,
ò×ð¸ðâðóãððâðð	`electrician`,
µðð÷Üóãððâð Ùðô¨îÇÙðð	`the case concerning the theft`

These, of course, are not Participles, but simple Adjectives.

Being Adjectives, they are affected by Number and Gender of the Noun whcih they qualify (-ãððâðð, - ãððâðó, - ãððâð÷), or can be used as Nouns themselves (-ãððâðð÷ü ¨îð÷ etc.). -ãððâð, a variant of - ãððâðð is attached to place-names for forming certain surnames, etc. :

Ñßð±ðãððâð=ÑßÚðð±ðãððâðð	`hailing from ÑßÚðð±ð¾,
¡±ðÜãððâð=¡ð±ðÜðãððâðð	`hailing from ¡ð±ðÜð`.

CHAPTER XXXII
		(a) As stated earlier (166), most of the Hindi Verbs may, by slightly modifying their forms, signify Causation of the action etc. denoted by them.:

Since ``causing something tobe done`` is an action which must be directed towards somebody, all Causative Verbs are invariably Transitive. The Causatives are made by adding an - ¡ð either to the bare root or to its modified form (249_.

A Causative Verb has the same forms (Voice, Moods etc.) as an ordinary Transitive Verb.

247. (a) Many Verbs have an additional Causal form, usually called ``the Second Causal`` which is made by adding - ãðð to the bare root or to its modified form.

ò±ðÜÐðð	`to fall`,
ò±ðÜðÐðð	`to fell` (First Causal),
ò±ðÜãððÐðð	`to cause to be felled` (Second Causal).

(b) It must, however, be remembered that the second causal form is restricted to such verbs whose first causals denote real activity on the part of their `doer`, not merely `getting something done.` Thus, the first causal of ÑðÁÿÐðð `to study, to learn` is ÑðÁÿðÐðð `to teach` which is a real activity on the part of the teacher, not merely `making (the student) learn` (which can be done by anybody who is able to persuade or frighten the students to learn!). This verb, therefore may form a second causal, ÑðÁÿãððÐðð which would mean `to get a student taught (by a teacher)». Similarly, the first causal of ò±ðÜÐðð `to fall` is ò±ðÜðÐðð `to fell`, which denotes an activity on the part of the person (a labourer etc.) who fells (a tree etc.), and not merely ``directing or presuading (a tree etc.) ``to fall``. This, accordingly, can have a second causal ò±ðÜãððÐðð which would mean ``to get (a tree etc.) felled (by a labourer etc.)»« . On the other hand, in the case of a root like ¨îÜÐðð `to do`, the first causal `¨îÜðÐðð` to get done` does not denote an activity on the part of the subject, but merely an order or a direction to somebody (a servant etc.) to do something. This verb, therefore, cannot have a second causal. Its second causal form ¨îÜãððÐðð is (unfortunately) in existence, but is identical in meaning with the first causal ¨îÜðÐðð. Many such ``false`` second causals are in common use. They have, in fact, been formed on the analogy of ``true`` second causals (like ÑðÁÿãððÐðð, ò±ðÜãððÐðð etc.), and should be treated as mere alternative forms (which had better be discarded) of the first causals. Under 249, all the ``false`` causals have been given in brackets.

There are also some ``false`` first causals. These verbs, which look like the first causals of certain simple verbs are simple verbs themselves; while what look like the original verbs, are their passive forms; thus ¨îð¾Ððð `to cut ` looks like the first causal of ¨î¾ðÐðð. `to be cut` (and has been mentioned as such by almost all the grammarians!) But, as the meaning clearly indicates, ¨î¾Ððð is the passive form of ¨îð¾Ððð, and not its ``root.`` ¨îð¾Ððð consequently cannot be called a causative. ¨î¾ðÐðð, `to get (something) cut is the first causal of ¨îð¾Ððð `to cut` not the second causal of ¨î¾Ððð as is commonly supposed. Verbs of the nature ¨î¾Ððð which have a passive meaning without having the normal passive formation may be called (from the point of view of Hindi), `original passives.` They are always intransitive. Some of the frequently used original passives are-

¨î¾Ððð	`to be cut` (active form ¨îð¾Ððð `to cut`),
®ðôâðÐðð	`to come open` (active form ®ðð÷âðÐðð `to open`),
×ðüÏðÐðð	`to be tied or bound` (active form ×ððûÏðÐðð `to tie`),
òÑðçðÐðð	`to be ground` (active form ÑðóçðÐðð `to grind`).

For further particulars,

The first causal forms are made by appending an-¡ð to the root which, in some cases, is slightly modified. The second causal is formed by appending -ãððto the root, or to its modified form. The modification fo the root is similar in both the cases.

Roots ending in a consonant and having the first vowel short remain unchanged.

The second causal form given below in bracket is ``false`` and may be regarded as identical with the first causal (248).

Simple 1st Causal 2nd Causal