ÏÚððÐð çð÷ ÑðÁÿð ¨îÜð÷ ` (make it a habit to) read attentively`,
Ç÷®ð ¨îÜ µðâðð ¨îÜð÷ ` (always) look about when you walk`.
ÜèÐðð combined with a past participle (having a passive sense)
denotes `continuity of a state`:
ãðè ®ðð¾ ÑðÜ ÑðÀÿð Üèð `he kept lying on the bed`,
ò¨îÃðð×ð Ùð÷¸ð ÑðÜ Ü®ðó ÜèÃðó èø `the book is always lying on the table`.
µððèÐðð `to want` denotes `imminence`:
ãðæððá ¡ðÚðð µððèÃðó èø `it is about to start raining`,
Ççð ×ð¸ðð µððèÃð÷ èøü it is about to strike ten`.
With the following subsidiaries, the main Verb has the oblique
form of the Past participle:-
¸ððÐðð denotes `continuity or imminent completion`:
¡ÑðÐðð ¨îðÙð ò¨î¦ ¸ðð¡ð÷ `continue to do your work`,
çððûÑð Ùð÷üÁÿ¨î ¨îð÷ òÐð±ðâð÷ ¸ððÃðð èø `the snake is about to swallow up the frog`.
ãðè Ùð÷Üó ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü òâ𦠸ððÃðð èø ` he is taking away my books`.
âð÷Ððð denotes `imminent completion of something for oneself`:
Ùðøü Úðè Ñðð¿ ¡Øðó ÑðÁÿ÷ âð÷Ãðð èõû `I shall read this lesson in no time,»
ãðè çð×ð ®ððÐðð ®ðð¦ âð÷Ãðð èø `he is about to finish off the entire food`.
Ç÷Ððð similarly denotes `imminent completion of an action for some one else`:
Ùðøü ¡ðÑð¨îð ¨îðÙð ¡Øðó ò¨î¦ Ç÷Ãðð èõû `I shall finish your work in no time`.
(j) ÀðâðÐðð denotes `imminent completion`:
Àð¨õî Ùðô»ð÷ ÙððÜ÷ ÀðâðÃð÷ èøü `the robbers are about to kill me`,
ÜèÐðð denotes `continuity of a state or of a completed action`:
ãðè çðÇð òÑð¦ ÜèÃðð èø `he is always drunk`,
ãðè ¨îð÷¾ ÑðèÐð÷ ÜèÃðð èø he always has a coat on`.,) `it is about to strike ten`.
[lit. `the ten (hours) want to strike`]. With the Verbs ÑðÀÿÐðð, èð÷Ððð and µððòè¦, the Infinitive is used as an Adjective. See:- The Infinitive is used as an Adjective only in combination with a few Verbs denoting obligation, necessity, requirement, compulsion etc. èð÷, Æðð, ÑðÀÿð and µððòè¦ are the Verbs most frequently used in this sense. The subject in such cases has ¨îð÷ (or ¦ in Pronouns 97-a), and the Infinitive has Ððð, Ððó or Ðð÷, according as the object is Masc. sg. or Masc. Pl.:
| Ùðð÷èÐð ¨îð÷ ¸ðôÙððáÐðð Ç÷Ððð ÑðÀÿð | `Mohan had to pay the fine`, |
| Ùðô»ð÷ ¨îýá ¨îðÙð ¨îÜÐð÷ Æð÷ | `I had to do several things`, |
| ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð âððÐðó èø | `Ram has to bring the book`, |
| âðÀÿ¨îð÷ü ¨îð÷ ¦÷çðó ×ððÃð÷ü Ððèóü ¨îÜÐðó µððòè¦ | `boys should not say things like these`. |
and See:-
(a) ÑðÀÿÐðð and èð÷Ððð (and the substantive Æðð) combine with infinitives (as already noted 238) and denote `necessity, obligation, requirement` etc. The compounds thus made are passive in meaning. The subject has
ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ ¸ððÐðð ÑðÀÿð `Ram had to go`,
Ùðô»ð÷ ×ðü×ðýá ¸ððÐðð èð÷±ðð `I shall have to go to Bombay`.
Ðððø¨îÜ ¨îð÷ ×ðð¸ððÜ ¸ððÐðð Æðð `the servant hjad to go to the market`.
The Infinitives here are used as Abstract Nouns.
However, when an Infinitive is Transitive, it is used as an Adjective to its object and changes its ending -Ððð to-Ððó or - ne according as the object is Feminine (sg. or pl.) or Masculine pl. The subsidiaries also agree with the object in Number and Gender :
âðÀÿ¨÷î ¨îð÷ Çãðð ÑðóÐðó ÑðÀÿ÷±ðó `the boy will have to take medicine`,
Ùðô»ð÷ ÃðóÐð Ñðëð òâð®ðÐð÷ Æð÷ `I had to write three letters`.
Note: It is not correct to say ×ðµµð÷ ¨îð÷ Çãðð ÑðóÐðó ÑðÀÿó or Ùðô»ð÷ ÃðóÐð Ñðëð òâð®ðÐðð Æðð as is sometimes done on the analogy of Intransitive Infinitives ¸ððÐðð ÑðÀÿ÷±ðð, ¸ððÐðð Æðð etc.
(c)µððòè¦ `is wanted` or `ought to be.....` is a true passive It can be combined with a Noun in the first sense (`is wanted`) and with an Infinitive (noun, if Intransitive and Adjective, if
Transitive) in the second sense. The subject has ¨îð÷ (or-¦)
ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü µððòè¦ `Ram wants books` (literally, books are wanted by (for) Ram)»,
ÃðôÙè÷ü ©Úðð µððòè¦ `what do you want ? (What is wanted by you ?),
¡ðÑð¨îð÷ ¸ððÐðð µððòè¦ `you ought togo` (Infinitive Noun),
¡ðÑð¨îð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü ÑðÁÿÐðó µððòè¦ `you ought to read books` (Infinitive Adjective).
259. The subsidiaries frequently combined with a main Verb in the oblique form are:-
âð±ðÐðð (Intransitive) denotes `to begin to .....`, and is very frequently used:
ãðè ¸ððÐð÷ âð±ðð `he started (to go)»,
ãðè ¸ðÙðó ®ðð÷ÇÐð÷ âð±ðð `he began to dig the ground`.
Ç÷Ððð `to give` denotges `to permit to.....,» `to let....`:
ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ ÑðÁÿÐð÷ Çð÷ `let Ram study`,
Ùðô»ð÷ ¸ððÐð÷ òÇò¸ð¦ `please allow me to go,»
ÙðøüÐð÷ £çð÷ ×ððÃð Ððèóü ¨îÜÐð÷ Çó `I did not allow him to say anything`.
ÑððÐðð `to obtain` denotes `to be able to` `to be permitted to....`,
(usually negative)
Ùðøü ¨ôî¶ÿ Ððèóü ¨îÜÐð÷ ÑððÚðð `I was not able to do anything`,
ÃðôÙð Ððèóü ¸ððÐð÷ Ñðð¡ð÷±ð÷ `you will not be allowed to go`.
Main Verb: Present Participle
260. The main Verb as a Present Participle is affected by the Number and the Gender of the subject, or of the object. Compound Verbs with the main Verb in the Present Participle form have the following subsidiaries:
¸ððÐðð denotes `to go on doing something`:
Üð÷±ð ×ðÁÿÃðð ¸ððÃðð èø `the malady goes on aggravating`.
ÜèÐðð denotes `continue to do something as a habit`:
ãðè çð×ð÷Ü÷ çð÷ äððÙð Ãð¨î ¨îðÙð `he keeps working from moning till
¨îÜÃðð ÜèÃðð èø eveving`.
Note: ¸ððÐðð compounds refer to a particular act and ÜèÐðð compounds to a habit.
For the progressive use of ÜèÐðð, see :-
(a) ÜèÐðð as stated above (256-i 260 261-e and k) can be combined with a main Verb which is eighter in the asbsolutive (root) form, or in the present form or in the participle form: ãðè ¸ðð Üè ð èø `he is going`, ãðè ¸ððÃðð ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps going (habitually), ãðè ×ðø¿ð ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps sitting`, ãðè ¨ ð÷¾ ÑðèÐð÷ ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps wearing a coat,
(b)of these, (1) alone dontes an action in progress or in process not yet complited. of the other three forms, (2) denotes a habit (not an action in progress), while (3) and (4) denote continuity of a state. Only (1), therefore, can form the progressive aspect.
It is to be noted that, while (2), (3) and (4) can be used in all Tenses and Moods (¸ððÃðð Üè÷±ðð, µðâðÃðð Üèð, ×ðø¿÷ Üè÷, ÑðèÐð÷ Üèð èð÷Ãðð etc.) in the progressive sense, the Subsidiary ÜèÐðð is always in the past participle form (with the usual fem. and pl. modifications). Besides, it can be used only in the present and the habitual past (¸ðð Üèð èø - ¸ðð Üèð Æðð) or in the Subjective forms ¡ðÃðð èð÷, ¡ðÃðð èð÷Ãðð, ¡ðÃðð èð÷±ðð, ¡ð Üèð èð÷, ¡ð Üèð èð÷Ãðð, ¡ð Üèð èð÷±ðð. In fact, ¡ð Üèð is to be regarded as a past participle form of the compound ¡ð + ÜèÐðð, and as equivalent to ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð. This is clear from the fact that a present participle when used as an Adjective denotes the progressive aspect with the help of forms like ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð, ¸ððÃðð èô¡ð etc. (241).
It may also be noted that the rare progressive of the simple past (when used as future conditional) is ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð. (322). It is evident from the above that Hindi Verbs have a regular progressive form only in those Tenses and Moods which are made with the help of a present participle. These are :-
ãðè ¸ððÃðð èø (¸ðð Üèð èø) Present Indicative,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð Æðð (¸ðð Üèð Æðð) Habitual Past-Indicative,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð èð÷ (¸ðð Üèð èð÷) Present Potential,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð èð÷Ãðð (¸ðð Üèð èð÷Ãðð) Present Contingent,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð èð÷±ðð (¸ðð Üèð èð÷±ðð) Present Presumptive.
The Üèð forms in these Tenses are, of course, of the nature of a compound Verb. But having a special form and being so frequently used, they are on par with the common forms (¸ððÃðð èø etc.).
¡ðÐðð denotes `continuity` form some past time until the present and into the futuer:
èÙð ×ðÜçðð÷ü çð÷ Úðèð ÜèÃð÷ ¡ðÚð÷ èøü `we have been living here for
years`.
The sense is almost that of a present perfect. The compound is used only in the persent perfect and past perfect.
×ðÐðÐðð denotes `possible to do` (passive,).
The present participle has the oblique form, and has the sense of a Noun:
Ùðô»ðçð÷ ãðèðû ¸ððÃð÷ Ððèóü ×ðÐðÃðð `I do not find it possible (or desirable) to go there`.
(¸ððÃð÷ in the above sentence is adverbial or absolutive (cf.241-d).
Main Verb: Past Participle
261. The main Varb as past participle is affected by the Number and Gender of the subject, or of the object.
The important subsidiaries are as follows :-
¡ðÐðð retains its meaning (`to come`), while denoting `imminence` or `immediacy`:
äðëðô µðÁÿð ¡ðÃðð èø `the enemy is advancing (on us)»,
×ððÇâð ò³ðÜ÷ ¡ðÃð÷ èø `clouds are fast gathering`.
µðâðð ¡ðÐðð means `to come away` or `to come this way`.
¸ððÐðð combined with an Intransitive main Verb denotes
`going to...` `about to.....`
Ùðøü ÇÇá çð÷ ÙðÜð ¸ðð Üèð èõûü `I am about to die of pain`,
±ððÀÿó ¡Øðó ¡ðýá ¸ððÃðó èø `the train is about to come`.
µðâðð ¸ððÐðð means `to go away`.