Способы письма в алфавите языка хинди (стр. 43 из 60)

èð÷Ððð, ¡ðÐðð, âð±ðÐðð and ÜèÐðð form Intransitive compounds are of a passive nature although of active formation. The action, state etc. denoted by them is represented as experienced, suffered, enjoyed, felt etc. by or happening to, the subject which is placed in the oblique case with ¨îð÷ or-¦

Whatever the subject suffers or experiences, or whatever happens to him, is represented as taking place of itself, not as done by anybody. The thing suffered or experienced is placed in the direct case and the Verb agrees with it.

èð÷Ððð forms a large number of such compounds:-

Çô:®ð èð÷Ððð `to feel unhappy`,
çðüÃðð÷æð èð÷Ððð `to feel satisfied`,
¡òÏð¨îðÜ èð÷Ððð `to have (enjoy) the right`,
ÚððÇ èð÷Ððð `to happen to remember`,
ÑðÃðð èð÷Ððð `to happen to know`,
¨îðÙð èð÷Ððð `to have to do`,
èð÷äð èð÷Ððð `to be in senses`,
×ðô®ððÜ èð÷Ððð `to have fever`,
Ùðô»ð÷ ýçð ×ððÃð ÑðÜ Çô:®ð èô¡ð `I felt unhappy (at this)»,
ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ çðüÃðð÷æð èø `Ram is satisfied`,
çð×ð¨îð÷ ¦¨î-çðð ¡òÏð¨îðÜ è ø `all have the same right`,
Ùðô»ð÷ ÚððÇ èø `I remember`,
Ùðô»ð÷ ÑðÃðð èø `I know`,
£çð÷ ×ðèôÃð ¨îðÙð èø `he has a lot to do`,
×ðµµð÷ ¨îð÷ ×ðô®ððÜ èø `the child has fever`,
£çð÷ èð÷äð Ððèóü èø `heis not in his senses (has swooned)».

Note: A few compounds of èð÷Ððð which do not refer to a thing suffered, experienced etc. are Active :

¡ðÜüØð (or äðôÞ) èð÷Ððð `to begin` (Intransitive),
ò×ðÇð èð÷Ððð `to take leave`,
Ùð÷Üó ÑðÁÿðýá ¨îâð äðôÞ èð÷±ðó `my studies will begin to-morrow`,
èÙð òÙðëðð÷ü çð÷ ò×ðÇð èô¦ `we took leave of our friends`.

¡ðÐðð similarly denotes `to get (intrans.)...», ` (to begin) to feel...`:
ªîð÷Ïð (or ±ðôççðð) ¡ðÐðð `to get angry`,
âð¸¸ðð ¡ðÐðð `to (begin to) feel ashamed`,
ÚððÇ ¡ðÐðð `to recall`,
×ðô®ððÜ ¡ðÐðð `to get fever`,
èð÷äð ¡ðÐðð `to come to senses`,
ÇÚðð ¡ðÐðð `to feel pity`,
òÑðÃðð ¨îð÷ ªîð÷Ïð (±ðôççðð) ¡ðÚðð `father got angry`
âðÀÿ¨îó ¨îð÷ âð¸¸ðð ¡ðýá `the girl felt ashamed`,
£çð÷ Üð÷¸ð ×ðô®ððÜ ¡ðÃðð èø `he gets fever everyday`,
Ùððû ¨îð÷ òØð®ððÜó ÑðÜ ÇÚðð ¡ðýá `mother felt pity for the beggar`.

Note: ¨îðÙð ¡ðÐðð `to be of use` = ¨îðÙð Ùð÷ü ¡ðÐðð `to come into use`:
Úðè ò¨îÃðð×ð Ùð÷Ü÷ ò¨îçð ¨îðÙð ¡ð¦±ðó ? `of what use will this book be to me?`

âð±ðÐðð combines with Adjectives as well as with Nouns:

Øðõ®ð âð±ðÐðð `to feel hungry`,
ÑÚððçð âð±ðÐðð `to feel thirsty`,
¡µ¶ð âð±ðÐðð `to like`,
×ðôÜð âð±ðÐðð `to dislike`,
ÑðÃðð âð±ðÐðð `to come to know`.

Note: Adjectives when combined with âð±ðÐðð agree with the object in Gender and Number.

×ðµµð÷ ¨îð÷ Øðõ®ð âð±ðó èø `the child is hungry`,
ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ Òîâð ¡µ¶÷ âð±ðÃð÷ èøü `Ram likes fruits`,
Ùðô»ð÷ äðð÷Ü ×ðôÜð âð±ðÃðð èø `I dislike noise`,
èÙð÷ü ÑðÃðð âð±ðð èø ò¨î ... `we have come to know that...`

ÜèÐðð denotes `continuity`:

ÚððÇ ÜèÐðð `to continue to remember`,
×ðô®ððÜ ÜèÐðð `to have constant fever`,
èð÷äð ÜèÐðð `to remain in senses`,
Ùðô»ð÷ ÚððÇ Üè÷±ðó `I shall always remember`,
£çð÷ ×ðô®ððÜ ÜèÃðð èø `he has constant fever`.

Ç÷Ððð and ÑðÀÿÐðð are combined with certain Abstract Nouns (derived form Verbs) ending in - ¡ðýá [App. I 8 (5)].

òÇ®ððýá Ç÷Ððð or ÑðÀÿÐðð `to come into view, to be seen`,
çðôÐððýá Ç÷Ððð or ÑðÀÿÐðð `to be heard`,
ýçð ¡ûÏð÷Ü÷ Ùðü Ùðô»ð÷ ¨ôî¶ òÇ®ððýá Ððèóü Ç÷Ãðð `I cannot see anything in this darkness`,
ãðÐð Ùð÷ü ¸ððÃð÷ èô¦ £çð÷ ¦¨î äð÷Ü ÷òÇ®ððýá òÇÚðð `he happened to see a lion while going through the forest`.

The Verbs discussed above differ from the normal passive Verbs in as much as the latter are formed by combining a past participle with the subsidiary ¸ððÐðð (or are passive by nature) and have their logical subject always in the oblique form with çð÷. Also, the normal passives denote action on the part of their logical subject, not experience.

See next chapter.

The following exceptional compounds are noteworthy:- ÑðÀÿÐðð is also combined withthe roots Ç÷®ð (Çó®ð), çðôÐð and ¸ððÐð and with the Adjective ÙððâðõÙð `known` (and has the same sense as in 267) :

Ç÷®ð or Çó®ð ÑðÀÿÐðð = òÇ®ððýá ÑðÀÿÐðð `to be seen`,
çðôÐð ÑðÀÿÐðð = çðôÐððýá ÑðÀÿÐðð `to be heard`,
¸ððÐð ÑðÀÿÐðð and ÙððâðõÙð ÑðÀÿÐðð (èð÷Ððð) denote `to seem` or `to become known;"
¦÷çðð ¸ððÐð ÑðÀÿÃðð èø...... `it seems that......`
Úðè ×ððÃð Ùðô»ð÷ ¡×ð ÙððâðõÙð èôýá `I came to know this only now`. (lit. `this became known to me only now)»,

Çó®ðÐðð `to be seen` can combine with any object; it has the same sense as òÇ®ððýá Ç÷Ððð (òÇ®ðÐðð is dialectic and should be avoided). òÙðâðÐðð `to meet`, when combined with an object, has a passive sense,
`to be found or obtained or given or to be met`:
Ùðô»ð÷ çðÀÿ¨î ÑðÜ ¦¨î ÝÑðÚðð ÑðÀÿð òÙðâðð `I found a rupee (lying) on the road`,
Úðè ò¨îÃðð×ð Ùðô»ð÷ ýÐððÙð Ùð÷ü òÙðâðó `I got this book as a prize`,
ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ ¨îÀÿó çð¸ðð òÙðâðó `a severe punishment was given to Ram`,
Ùðô»ð÷ ç¾÷äðÐð ÑðÜ ¡ÑðÐðð òÙðëð òÙðâðð `I happened to meet my friend at the station`,
But, Ùðøü ¡ÑðÐð÷ òÙðëð çð÷ òÙðâðð `I met (visited) my friend`. ©Úðð èô¡ð? denotes `what happened (to) ....?`:

×ðµµð÷ ¨îð÷ ©Úðð èô¡ð? `what happened to the child?`
Similarly, ¨ôî¶ èô¡ð `something happened (to)......»

(a) ÑðÀÿÐðð and èð÷Ððð (and the substantive Æðð) combine with infinitives (as already noted 238) and denote `necessity, obligation, requirement` etc. The compounds thus made are passive in meaning. The subject has

ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ ¸ððÐðð ÑðÀÿð `Ram had to go`,
Ùðô»ð÷ ×ðü×ðýá ¸ððÐðð èð÷±ðð `I shall have to go to Bombay`.
Ðððø¨îÜ ¨îð÷ ×ðð¸ððÜ ¸ððÐðð Æðð `the servant hjad to go to the market`.
The Infinitives here are used as Abstract Nouns.

However, when an Infinitive is Transitive, it is used as an Adjective to its object and changes its ending -Ððð to-Ððó or - ne according as the object is Feminine (sg. or pl.) or Masculine pl. The subsidiaries also agree with the object in Number and Gender :

âðÀÿ¨÷î ¨îð÷ Çãðð ÑðóÐðó ÑðÀÿ÷±ðó `the boy will have to take medicine`,
Ùðô»ð÷ ÃðóÐð Ñðëð òâð®ðÐð÷ Æð÷ `I had to write three letters`.

Note: It is not correct to say ×ðµµð÷ ¨îð÷ Çãðð ÑðóÐðó ÑðÀÿó or Ùðô»ð÷ ÃðóÐð Ñðëð òâð®ðÐðð Æðð as is sometimes done on the analogy of Intransitive Infinitives (¸ððÐðð ÑðÀÿ÷±ðð, ¸ððÐðð Æðð etc. [see (a) above] which are Nouns.

(c)µððòè¦ `is wanted` or `ought to be.....` is a true passive (see 277) It can be combined with a Noun in the first sense (`is wanted`) and with an Infinitive (noun, if Intransitive and Adjective, if
Transitive) in the second sense. The subject has ¨îð÷ (or-¦)

ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü µððòè¦ `Ram wants books` (literally, books are wanted by (for) Ram)»,

ÃðôÙè÷ü ©Úðð µððòè¦ `what do you want ? (What is wanted by you ?),
¡ðÑð¨îð÷ ¸ððÐðð µððòè¦ `you ought togo` (Infinitive Noun),
¡ðÑð¨îð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü ÑðÁÿÐðó µððòè¦ `you ought to read books` (Infinitive Adjective).

Note: (i) ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ ÑðÁÿÐðð µððòè¦ is as incorrect as Çãðð ÑðóÐðð ÑðÀÿð

However, µððòè¦ does not modify (asÑðÁÿÐðð and èð÷Ððð do). µððòè¦û as a plural of µððòè¦ (¡ðÑð¨îð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü ÑðÁÿÐðó µððòè¦û) is occasionally met with, but had better be doscarded ¡ðÐðð in the sense `to be known` usually combines with Infinitives and some pronouns like ©Úðð, ¨ô¶ etc. :

ÃðôÙð¨îð÷ ÑðÁÿÐðð ¡ðÃðð èø? `do you know how to read?`
Ùðô»ð÷ ¨ôî¶ Ððèóü ¡ðÃðð `I know nothing`,
âðÀÿ¨÷î ¨îð÷ ×ðð÷âðÐðð Øðó Ððèóü ¡ðÃðð `the boy doesn`t even know how to speak`.