Способы письма в алфавите языка хинди (стр. 44 из 60)
CHAPTER XXXIV
The Passive Voice has already (171-b) been defined as the form of a verb which repersents the subject as the upon. The grammatical subject
(``of which somthing has been said ``) in this Voice is the logical object - the preson or the thing towards whom the cation is directed. The logical subject -the dore- is not always mentioned. But when the logical subject is mentioned, it has invariably the oblique form with çð÷. Only Transitive Verbs can have Passive Voice
(a) In a sentence like, äðëðô `the enemy` who has been acted upon (killed). äðëðô, therefore, isthe real object-towards whome the action of killed has been dircted.
(b) In a sentece like Ùðô»ðçð÷ µððÚð Ððèóü Ñðó ¸ððÃðó [`I cannot take tea` (literally, `tea cannot be durnk by me`)], `tea` is the grammatical subject. But it is, in fact, the object of `drink`. The logical subjict is `I`, which is mentioned here and has the oblique form with `çð÷`.
(c) In both the above sentences, the Objects (äðëðô and µððÚð) are in the Direct case and the Verbs (ÙððÜð ±ðÚðð and Ñðó ¸ððÃðó) agree with them in Number, Gender and Person. The construction, thus, is objectival. A Passive does not admit of subjectival construction, because the logical Subject is always in the Oblique Case.
The Passive, however, does have the neutral construction where the Verb has masc. third person, singular form,agreeing neither with the logical Subject (which is seldom mentioned), nor with the Object. This, for example is the case in ¨îÙðâðð ¨îð÷ ×ðôôâððÚðð ±ðÚðð `Kamala was called` (literally, `with reference to Kamala, it was called`). Who called Kamala is not mentioned and `Kamala` the Object has the Oblique Case with ¨îð÷. This construction is commonly used when the Object is Animate, although ¨îÙðâðð ×ðôâððýá ±ðýá is equally correct.
(a) But whatever the construction, the formation of Passive Voice is regular. It is simply made by combining the Verb ¸ððÐðð `to go` with the Past Participle of the main root:
| ®ððÐðð `to eat` | ®ððÚðð ¸ððÐðð `to be eaten` |
| ÑðÁÿÐðð `to read` | ÑðÁÿð ¸ððÐðð `to be read` |
| ¨îÜÐðð `to do` | ò¨îÚðð ¸ððÐðð `to be done`, etc. |
(b) The Compound Verb thus made is treated like an ordinary Verb, the Past Participle (main Verb) agreeing with the Object in Number and Gender and the subsidiary ¸ððÐðð being modified to form Aspect, Mood and Tense, (cf 261) :
| äðëðô, ÙððÜð ¸ððÃðð èø | `the enemy is killed` (Present Indicative) |
| äðëðô ÙððÜð ¸ðð Üèð èø | `the enemy is being killed` (Present Progressive) |
| äðëðô ÙððÜð ±ðÚðð | `the enemy was killed` (Past Indicative) |
| äðëðô ÙððÜð ¸ðð¦±ðð | `the enemy will be killed` (Future Indicative) |
| äðëðô ÙððÜð ¸ðð¦ | `the enemy should be killed` (Optative) etc |
The Infinitive form is ÙððÜð ¸ððÐðð, the Present Participle is ÙððÜð ¸ððÃðð èô¡ð, and Past Participle is ÙððÜð ±ðÚðð (or èô¡ð). See:- The Present Participle represents an action as proceeding or progressing. It is progressive by nature, although with èø and Æðð, ot assumes a terminate chararacter. The Present Participle, therefore, has no need of a fresh Progressive form. However, a èô¡ð is sometimes attached to a Present Participle in order to make it a clear progressive (241-b and 262-d).
The Üèð progressive of Present Participle is a further attempt at expressing the progressive aspect with perfect clarity, and forms like ÇðøÀÿ Üèó ±ððÀÿó `the running train` and ò±ðÜ Üèó ãðæððá `the falling rain` are being used especially in poetry. They are, however, hardly necessary.
If the main Verb has two Objects, the secondary Object has ¨îð÷ (or-¦ with Pronouns) and the primary Object is put in the Direct Case, with which the Verb agrees:
| ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü Çó ±ðÚðóü | `books were given to Ram` |
(a) It is not usual to mention the logical Subject (the ``doer``) of a Passive Verb, unless absolutely necessary. The Subject, thus, has to be mentioned when its ability or inability to do something is expressed:
| Ùðô»ðçð÷ µððÚð Ððèóü Ñðó ¸ððÃðó | `I cannot take tea` |
| ÜðÙð çð÷ ¨îðÙð Ððèóü ò¨îÚðð ¸ððÃðð | `Ram cannot do work` |
| ÃðôÙðçð÷ Úðè çðüÇõ¨î £¿ðÚðð ¸ðð¦, ¸ðð÷ £¿ð¡ð÷ | `lift this box if you can` |
The ``doer``, if mentioned, has çð÷.
(b) Apart from the above (`ability` - `inability` case), a logical Subject may sometimes have to be mentioned for the sake of clarity etc. In such cases, çð÷ may be substituted by ¨÷î èðÆð or ¨÷î èðÆðð÷ü `at the hands of....`, or in affected style by ¨÷î ÎðÜð.
ÜðÙð ¨î ÷èðÆð (èðÆðð÷ü) äðëðô ÙððÜð ±ðÚðð
ÜðÙð ¨÷î ÎðÜð äðëðô ÙððÜð ±ðÚðð (affected style)
(c) Subjectless Passives are much more frequent:
| (Úðè) ¨îèð ¸ððÃðð èø ò¨....... | `it is said that............` |
| çðôÐðð ±ðÚðð èø ò¨î...... | `it has been heard that........` |
| ®ð×ðÜ Òøîâððýá ±ðýá èø | `the news has been spread` |
| ¡Òîãððè £Àÿðýá ±ðýá èø | `the rumour has been circulated` |
(a) Apart from the ¸ððÐðð passives discussed above, there are a large number of Verbs which are Passive by nature (without the help of a subsidiary or nominal compound). Some of these have been mentioned in 248 and 249 (d):
| ¨î¾Ððð | `to be cut` |
| ®ðôâðÐðð | `to come open` |
| ×ðûÏðÐðð | `to be tied` |
| òÑðçðÐðð | `to be ground` |
| ò×ð¨îÐðð | `to sell (Intransitive), `to be sold` |
| ×ðÐðÐðð | `to be made or done` |
| òü®ðµðÐðð | `to be pulled or drawn` |
| ¶õ¾Ððð | `to be released, left or dropped` |
| ¾õ¾Ððð | `to be broken` |
| Òõî¾Ððð | `to be split, to burst (Intransitive)» |
| òÑð¾Ððð | `to be thrashed` |
| âðô¾Ððð | `to be robbed` |
| ò¶ÇÐðð | `to be pierced` |
| òüçðµðÐðð | `to be watered` |
(b) All these are, of course, Intransitive in form. Their Active forms are naturally Transitive. Both the Passive and the Active forms now exist as independent Verbs, the Passive usually having short vowels and the Active having the corresponding long vowels :
Passive Active
| ¨î¾Ððð is related to | ¨îð¾Ððð `to cut` |
| ®ðôâðÐðð -do- | ®ðð÷âðÐðð to open`, (Cf. 249-d) |
| ×ðûÏðÐðð is related to | ×ððûÏðÐðð `to tie, to bind` |
| òÑðçðÐðð - do- | ÑðóçðÐðð `to grind, to powder` |
| ò×ð¨îÐðð -do- | ×ð÷µðÐðð `to sell` (transitive) |
| ×ðÐðÐðð -do- | ×ðÐððÐðð `to make` (transitive) |
| òü®ðµðÐðð -do- | ®ðóüµðÐðð `to pull, to draw` |
| ¶õ¾Ððð -do- | ¶ð÷ÀÿÐðð `to leave, to relaease` |
| ¾õ¾Ððð -do- | Ãðð÷ÀÿÐðð `to break` (transitive) |
| Òõî¾Ððð -do- | Òîð÷ÀÿÐðð `to split` (transitive) |
| òÑð¾Ððð -do- | Ñðó¾Ððð `to beat, to thrash` |
| âðô¾Ððð -do- | âðõ¾Ððð `to rob` |
| ò¶ÇÐðð -do- | ¶÷ÇÐðð `to pierce` |
| òüçðµðÐðð -do- | çðóüµðÐðð `to water` |
The Active forms are used like ordinary Transitive Verbs. They are not Causals. and they can form a Passive as well: ¨îð¾ð ¸ððÐðð, ®ðð÷âðð ¸ððÐðð, ×ððûÏðð ¸ððÐðð, etc. These ¸ððÐðð Passives differ from the natural Passives [noted in (a) above] in signification. The Natural Passives represent the action as happening of itself-spontaneously, and naturally: there is not the slightest hint of its being done by somebody. Hence the doer is not mentioned:
| Ñð÷Àÿ ¨î¾ Üèð èø | `the tree is getting cut` |
| ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü Ððèóü ò×ð¨îóü | `the books did not sell` (Intransitive) |
| ÃðôÙð òÑð¾ð÷±ð÷ | `you will get thrashed` |
The ¸ððÐðð Passives, on the other hand, represent the action as being performed by a doer who may or may not be mentioned, but can be guessed:
| Ñð÷Àÿ ¨îð¾ð ¸ðð Üèð èø | `the tree is being cut (by the labourer)» |
| ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü ×ð÷µðó ±ðýá èøü | `the books have been sold (by the book-seller)» |
| ÃðôÙð Ñðó¾÷ ¸ðð¡ð÷±ð÷ | `you will be thrashed (by the father)» |
The Passive Verbs of the ¨î¾Ððð type are usually called ``Neuter Verbs``. It would, perhaps, be better to call these Verbs ``Natural Passives`` or ``Original Passives``.
It is, however, to be noted that when ability or inability to do something is to be denoted, even a Natural Passive needs a logical subject, which as usual, has the Oblique form with çð÷:
| Úðè Ñð÷Àÿ Ùðô»ðçð÷ Ððèóü ¨î¾Ãðð | `I am not able to cut this tree` |
| Úð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü ÃðôÙðçð÷ Ððèóü ò×ð¨÷îü±ðó | `you will not be able to sell these books` |
| Compare : | |
| Ùðô»ðçð÷ µððÚð Ððèóü Ñðó ¸ððÃðó | as discussed earlier (237-b): |
Note: With a first person doer, ``inability`` to do something may imply ``unwillingeness``: Úðè Ñð÷Àÿ Ùðô»ðçð÷ Ððèóü ¨î¾Ãðð may mean `I am not willing to undertake the heavy task of cutting this tree`.