Способы письма в алфавите языка хинди (стр. 45 из 60)

×ðÐðÐðð `to be made` is also used in the sense `possible to do` when it is usually combined with the Subsidiary ÑðÀÿÐðð (256-g). The subject, as in (e) is almost always mentioned:-

Ùðô»ðçð÷ ¸ðð÷ ×ðÐð ÑðÀÿð ¨îÞû±ðð
`I will do whatever is possible for me to do` (or `whatever I am capable of doing`),

èð÷Ððð `to happen`, òÙðâðÐðð `to be found or met with`, and Çó®ðÐðð `to be seen` have already been noted above (269 b-c-d) as Passive denoting experience etc. òÙðâðÐðð `to meet` is also Active. But Çó®ðÐðð is an original Passive denoting experience, etc. òÙðâðÐðð `to meet ` is also Active. But Çó®ðÐðð is an original Passive derived form Ç÷®ðÐðð `to see`. It is, however, used only as a Passive of experience. (269-b).

µððòè¦ is specially to be noted. It has already been discussed in 270 c. µððòè¦ is, in fact, a true passive derived from µððèÐðð `to want`. In form, it is an old indicative present passive, in third person singular. The plural form could be µððòè¦û. But µððòè¦ is now felt as an isolated and unchangeable form, so µððòè¦û is incorrect.]

THE IMPERSONAL VOICE

The Impersonal Voice, as stated earlier (171-c), is restricted to Intransitive Verbs, and is always in the neutral construction (273-c) being always in the third person singular masculine form. The Verb has the form of a ¸ððÐðð passive, viz. past participle of the main Verb + ¸ððÐðð (272-a)
µðâðð÷, çðð÷Úðð ¸ððÚð `come, let us go to sleep` (literally, `let it be slept`).
The subject is not mentioned in the above sentence. Where it is mentioned, it is oblique form with çð÷ and is represented, as in the passive (273-c) as ``able`` or ``unable`` to do something:
Ùðô»ðçð÷ µðâðð Ððèóü ¸ððÃðð `I cannot walk` (lit. `It cannot be walked by me`).

Note: The above sentence differs from a sentence in passive - Ùðô»ðçð÷ µððÚð Ððèóü Ñðó ¸ððÃðó (271-b) - only in so far as it has an Intransitive Verb which, naturally, does not have to agree with an object because none exists. Otherwise, the formation and expression of the two sentences are identical.
The Impersonal Voice, thus, is a variety of the Passive, as applied to Intransitive Verbs. The definition of the Passive, ``it represents the (grammatical) subjects as acted upon``, is, obviously, not applicable to the Impersonal since there is no logical object which alone is the (grammatical) subject of a Passive Verb. In this respect, the Impersonal Voice is similar to the Active as, like the Active, it represents the subject (where it is mentioned) as ``doing`` something. (171).

ADVERBS, POST-POSITIONS, CONJUNCTIONS
AND INTERJECTIONS

CHAPTER XXXV

Abverbs, Post-Postions, Conjunction and Interjection An Adverb is a word that modifies or qualifies a Verb i.e. restricts it in some way. In `the boy is here,» `I came to-day`, and `he writes carefully,» the words here, to-day and carefully are Adverbs: they restrict the signification of the Verbs. The boy is here, not elsewhere; I came to-day, neither yesterday nor anyearlier day; he writes carefully not carelessly or Indifferently. In a sentence like `he writes very carefully`, the word very is also an Adverb, since it further restricts the Verb; he writes not with ordinary care, but with great care. Very, however, restricts the Verb indirectly, by restricting the other Adverb, carefully, which restricts the Verb directly. An Adverb may, therefore, qualify another Adverb. The same word very however, has a different function in a very good boy: it modifies the Adjective good which in its turn modifies the Noun boy. It is usual to regard this very and similar words as Adverbs even when they modify an Adjective. But, in fact, they too are (indirect) Adjectives, and are treated as such in Hindi, undergoing the same changes due to Number and Gender as affect an ordinary Adjective: