The same principle is followed in the case of Nouns which denoote (unaided by an Adjective) a specific time, and which are now felt mor or less as ``original`` Adverbs (see:- The more important ``Original`` Adverbs may be divided into the following groups according to their meaning. Many of these are, in fact, Nouns or Adjectives with case-signs (and modifications due to them) omitted or dropped or worn out by use. Adverbs of Time:
¡ð¸ð `to-day` (also a noun)
¨îâð `to-morroe` or `yesterday` or `day afer to-morrow` (also anoun),
¡ð¸ð-¨îâð `now-adays,»
ÑßòÃðòÇÐð or Üð÷¸ð or èÜ Üð÷¸ð `every day` (also noun),
×ððÇ (Ùð÷ü) `afterwards`,
çð×ð÷Ü÷ `in the morniing` (çð×ð÷Üð is a noun),
ÃðÀÿ¨÷î `at dawn` (ÃðÀÿ¨îð is a noun),
×ððÜ-×ððÜ `again and again,» `repeatedly`,
¦¨îÇÙð or Øð¾ or ÒîðøÜÐð or ÃðôÜÐÃð `immediately,»
òÐðÜÐÃðÜ or âð±ððÃððÜ `continuously`,
èÙð÷äðð or çðÇð `always`,
òÒîÜ `again`, `then`,
ÑßðÚð: or ¡©çðÜ `often`,
ªîÙðäð: by degrees, gradually`,çðÙØðãðÃð: `possibly`, ÒîâðÃð: accordingly,»
ÃðÜçðð÷ü `three days back or hence`, (also a noun) and ÐðÜçðð÷ü `four days back or hence` (also a noun) are in use. Adverbs of Place:
¡ð±ð÷ `before, in front`, Ñðó¶÷ `behind, at the back`,
Ñððçð or òÐð¨î¾ `near` ¡ðçðÑððçð `on all sides`,
ÇõÜ `far` çððÙðÐð÷ `in front`,
¤ÑðÜ `above`, Ððóµð÷ `below`,
çððÆð `together`, ¡âð±ð `away, apart`,
ÇðòèÐð÷ `to the right`, ×ððÚð÷ü `to the left`,
¡ð÷Ü `towards`, ýçð ¡ð÷Ü `this way`
£çð ¡ð÷Ü `that way`, ÑððÜ `across`, ×ððèÜ `outside`, ØðóÃðÜ or ¡ÐÇÜ `inside` etc.
(c)Adverbs of Manner:
¡¨îçÙððÃð or ¡µððÐð¨î or çðèçðð or ¦¨îð¦¨î `suddenly, abruptly`,
¸ðâÇó (çð÷) Quickly, speedily`, ÏðóÜ÷ (çð÷) or ÏðóÜ÷-ÏðóÜ÷, `slowly, by degrees`,
¡ãðäÚð or ¸ðÝÜ ¡ð÷surely`,
¿ó¨î `exactly`, çðµð or çðµðÙðôµð `truely`, ãÚðÆðá, ãðöÆðð `in vain, vainly,» ÑðøÇâð `on foot`. ªîÙðäð: `by degrees`.
(d) Adverbs of Degree:
ò×ðâ¨ôîâð `completely, entirely,» ÑßðÚð: `almost`,
âð±ðØð±ð `almost, nearly`, ¸ðÜð `a little`,
¡ðøÜ `more`, òçðÒáî, ¨÷îãðâð, ×ðçð `only`, etc.).Thus, ¡ð¸ð `to-day, this day`, ¨îâð `to-morrow` or `yesterday`, ÑðÜçðð÷ü `day before yesterday` or `day after to-morrow`, etc. are used without ¨îð÷ or Ùð÷ü. Similarly, the Noun ÜðÃð when it denotes `last night`, is used without ¨îð÷ or Ùð÷ü. The suffixes (or particles) Ùððëð and ØðÜ when attached to Nouns denoting time, signify `only` and `the whole....` respectively (294-e-f).
Thus-
êðÂð Ùððëð `just a moment`, òÇÐð ØðÜ `the whole day`,
ÜðÃð ØðÜ `the whole night`, ³ð¾÷ ØðÜ `one whole hour`.
êðÂð ØðÜ and Ñðâð ØðÜ, however, are synonymous with êðÂð Ùððëð. These Nouns can be used as Adverbs without attaching ¨îð÷:
ãðè ÜðÃð ØðÜ ¨îðÙð ¨îÜÃðð èø `he works the whole night`,
But, ãðè ÜðÃð ¨îð÷ ¨îðÙð ¨îÜÃðð èø `he works at night`,
ÃðôÙð òÇÐð ØðÜ ¨îèðû Üè÷? `where were you the whole day?`,
êðÂð Ùððëð (or êðÂð ØðÜ) Úðèðü ݨîð÷ `stop here (for) a moment`.
Of the Verbs used as Adverbs, Participles (Present and Past) and the Absolutive are the most frequent. See :- (a) The Present Participle can be used like an ordinary Adjective:
| ×ðèÃðð ÑððÐðó çððÒî èð÷Ãðð èø | `flowing water is clean`, |
| µðâðÃðó ±ððÀÿó ÑðÜ ÙðÃð µðÁÿðø | `do not board a running train`, |
| ò®ðâðÃð÷ Òõîâðð÷ü ¨îð÷ ÙðÃð Ãðð÷Àÿð÷ | `do not pluck opening flowers.` |
Occasionally, however, (for the ske of clarity) a èô¡ð, èôýá or èô¦ Òõîâðð÷ü ¨îð÷ ÙðÃð Ãðð÷Àÿð÷ etc.
Both the Present Participle and the Auxiliary èô¡ð (which is the Past Participle form of èð÷) must agree with the Noun they qualify. Present Participles can also be used as Adverbs (usually as Adverbs of time and manner), in which case they have the oblique (-¦) form, and are often repeated:
| ãðè ÑðÁÿÃð÷-ÑðÁÿÃð÷ çðð÷ ±ðýá | `she fell asleep while reading`, |
| £çðÐð÷ µðâðÃð÷-µðâðÃð÷ Ùðô»ðçð÷ ¨îèð | `while starting (going), he told me`, |
| Ùðøü ÇðøÀÿÃð÷-ÇðøÀÿÃð÷ Æð¨î ±ðÚðð÷ | `I got tired while (on account of) running`, |
| Ç÷®ðÃð÷-Ç÷®ðÃð÷ ÜðÃð èð÷ ±ðýá | `while looking on, the night fell`. |
When a Present Participle is used as part of the Predicate, it has an adverbial sense, and consequently the oblique form:
| ÙðøÐð÷ ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ ¸ððÃð÷ (èô¦) Ç÷®ðð | `I saw Ram (while he was) going`, |
| £çðÐð÷ âðÀÿ¨îó ¨îð÷ ±ððÃð÷ çðôÐðð | `he heard the girl (while she was) singing`. |
With èó, a Present Participle (oblique) denotes ``immediately after``, ``as soon as``:
A Present Participle, like other Adjectives, can be used also as a Noun, in which case it is declined like an -¡ð Noun (90) :
| Àõ×ðÃð÷ ¨îð÷ ×ðµðð¡ð÷ | `save the drowning man`, |
| ãðè Üð÷Ãðð÷ü ¨îð÷ èûçððÃðð èø | `he makes the crying (persons) laugh`. |
Ùð÷Ü÷ ¡ðÃð÷ èó `as soon as I came`,
£çð÷ ±ð¦ èô¦ `since he went`,
×ðÙ×ðýá èð÷¨îÜ `via Bombay`, etc.
The more important ``Original`` Adverbs may be divided into the following groups according to their meaning. Many of these are, in fact, Nouns or Adjectives with case-signs (and modifications due to them) omitted or dropped or worn out by use. Adverbs of Time:
¡ð¸ð `to-day` (also a noun)
¨îâð `to-morroe` or `yesterday` or `day afer to-morrow` (also anoun),
¡ð¸ð-¨îâð `now-adays,»
ÑßòÃðòÇÐð or Üð÷¸ð or èÜ Üð÷¸ð `every day` (also noun),
×ððÇ (Ùð÷ü) `afterwards`,
çð×ð÷Ü÷ `in the morniing` (çð×ð÷Üð is a noun),
ÃðÀÿ¨÷î `at dawn` (ÃðÀÿ¨îð is a noun),
×ððÜ-×ððÜ `again and again,» `repeatedly`,
¦¨îÇÙð or Øð¾ or ÒîðøÜÐð or ÃðôÜÐÃð `immediately,»
òÐðÜÐÃðÜ or âð±ððÃððÜ `continuously`,
èÙð÷äðð or çðÇð `always`,
òÒîÜ `again`, `then`,
ÑßðÚð: or ¡©çðÜ `often`,
ªîÙðäð: by degrees, gradually`,çðÙØðãðÃð: `possibly`, ÒîâðÃð: accordingly,»
ÃðÜçðð÷ü `three days back or hence`, (also a noun) and ÐðÜçðð÷ü `four days back or hence` (also a noun) are in use. Adverbs of Place:
¡ð±ð÷ `before, in front`, Ñðó¶÷ `behind, at the back`,
Ñððçð or òÐð¨î¾ `near` ¡ðçðÑððçð `on all sides`,
ÇõÜ `far` çððÙðÐð÷ `in front`,
¤ÑðÜ `above`, Ððóµð÷ `below`,
çððÆð `together`, ¡âð±ð `away, apart`,
ÇðòèÐð÷ `to the right`, ×ððÚð÷ü `to the left`,
¡ð÷Ü `towards`, ýçð ¡ð÷Ü `this way`
£çð ¡ð÷Ü `that way`, ÑððÜ `across`, ×ððèÜ `outside`, ØðóÃðÜ or ¡ÐÇÜ `inside` etc.
(c)Adverbs of Manner:
¡¨îçÙððÃð or ¡µððÐð¨î or çðèçðð or ¦¨îð¦¨î `suddenly, abruptly`,
¸ðâÇó (çð÷) Quickly, speedily`, ÏðóÜ÷ (çð÷) or ÏðóÜ÷-ÏðóÜ÷, `slowly, by degrees`,
¡ãðäÚð or ¸ðÝÜ ¡ð÷surely`,
¿ó¨î `exactly`, çðµð or çðµðÙðôµð `truely`, ãÚðÆðá, ãðöÆðð `in vain, vainly,» ÑðøÇâð `on foot`. ªîÙðäð: `by degrees`.
(d) Adverbs of Degree:
ò×ðâ¨ôîâð `completely, entirely,» ÑßðÚð: `almost`,
âð±ðØð±ð `almost, nearly`, ¸ðÜð `a little`,
¡ðøÜ `more`, òçðÒáî, ¨÷îãðâð, ×ðçð `only`, etc.
293. Adverbs of affirmation and Negation are:
èðû,¸ðó, èðû ¸ðó, ¸ðó èðû, Ðð, Ððèóü and ÙðÃð
èðû is the simple affirmative `yes`,
¸ðó is the polite form, and
¸ðó èðû is polite emphatic.
¡ãðäÚð or ¸ðÝÜ or òÐðäµðÚð `certainly, surely, undoubtedly,» are also affirmatives
©Úðð÷ü Ððèóü? `why not`, òÒîÜ ? `then ?`, òÒîÜ ©Úðð ? or ¡ðøÜ ©Úðð? `what else?` are similarly emphatic, the last three being informal and colloquial. Of the three negative Adverbs, Ððèóü can be used, the polite form being ¸ðó Ððèóü or Ððèóü ¸ðó (slightly emphatic).
©Úðð Ðððø¨îÜ ¡ðÚðð ? ¸ðó Ððèóü (Ððèóü ¸ðó).
Ððèóü Ãðð÷ !: is used as an emphatic negative reply, denoting surprise, disapproval etc. ©Úðð ÃðôÙðÐð÷ Ùð÷Üó ò¨îÃðð×ð âðó èø ? Ððèóü Ãðð÷! `have you taken my book?` `No indeed!` See :-(c) Ãðð÷ is emphatic, sometimes denoting contrast:
ãðè ¡ðÚðð Ãðð÷ èø `he has come`,
Ñðèâð÷ Ùðô»ð÷ ¸ððÐð÷ Ãðð÷ Çð÷ `first let me go`,
ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ Ãðð÷ ×ðôâðð¡ð÷ `call Ram` or `just call Ram`,
ò¨îÃðð×ð Ãðð÷ òÙðâðó, ¨îâðÙð Ððèóü `the book was found, (but) not the pen`,
ãðè Ùð÷Ü÷ Ñððçð Ãðð÷ ¡ðÚðð, ÑðÜ ×ðð÷âðð `he did come near me, but did not speak`.
Ððèóü
As a negative Adverb (293-b-ii). For the adverbial Ãðð÷, çð÷÷ 285-m; for conjunctive Ãðð÷,
In negative sentence, Ððèóü is used in the Indicative and the Presumptive moods only: Ùðøü Ððèóü ±ðÚðð, Ùðøü Ððèó ¸ðð¤û±ðð, ±ðè Ððèóü ±ðÚðð èð÷±ðð etc. But Ãðõ Ððèóü ¸ðð¦ (Oprative) and Ãðõ Ððèóü ¸ðð (Imperative) etc. are wrong. In the negative present and present perfect forms, èø is usually omitted: ãðè Ððèóü ¸ððÃðð| ¨îðøÐð ¡ðÚðð èø? ¨îð÷ýá Ððèóü ¡ðÚðð. In the progressive forms, however, èø is not omitted: ãðè Ððèóü ¸ðð Üèð èø. See:- The negative forms are made with the help of the particle Ððèóü placed immediately before the Verb. But in the negative sentence èø, èøü, etc.are, as a rule, omitted:
ãðè Ððèóü ¸ððÃðð `he does not go`,