Способы письма в алфавите языка хинди (стр. 48 из 60)

ÜðÙð ç¨õîâð Ùð÷ü Ððèóü ÑðÁÿÃðð, ³ðÜ ÑðÜ ÑðÁÿÃðð èø `Ram does not study in a school, he studies at home. `

ÙðÃð is used only in the Imperative and is somewhat curt. As a mild prohibitive, Ðð is more idiomatic. In the Optative, Ðð is almost exclusively the choice:
Ãðõ ÙðÃð ¸ðð, ÃðôÙð ÙðÃð ¸ðð¡ð÷, ¡ðÑð Ðð ¸ððý¦ (Imperative);
ãðè Ðð ¸ðð¦, Ùðøü Ðð ¸ðð¤û (Optative). Ðð....Ðð `neither......nor` as a conjunction (302-a-ii) is common for all tenses and moods, Ððèóü and ÙðÃð are not used in this sense. Ðð ¨îð÷ýá ¡ðÚðð Ðð ±ðÚðð; Ãðõ Ðð ÇðøÀÿ, Ðð ®ð÷âð, çðð÷ ¸ðð. Ðð is used as the final word in an Interrogative sentence to denote affirmation, or when an affirmative answer is expected:
¡ðÑð Ùð÷Ü÷ çððÆð µðâð÷ü±ð÷ Ðð ? `you will come with me, won`t you ?`. èðû, Ððèóü (or Ðððèóü), Ðð (or Ððð) are also used as Nouns, usually feminine:

ÙðøüÐð÷ èðû ¨îÜ Çó `I accepted`, (lit, `I said `yes`)»,
ÙðøüÐð÷ Ððèóü ¨îÜ Çó `I refised` (lit. `I said `no`)».

PARTICLES

Besides the Verb- (or Adverb-) modifying Adverbs, which usually precede the Verb they modify but can (if necessary) be separated from it, there are a number of adverbial words of a subsidiary nature, which are attached to a particular word inthe seentence for denoting emphasis, contrast etc., and invariably follow it. These are called `Particles`. They can usually be attached to any word in the sentence.

The more important Hindi particles are the following:

èó denotes either emphasis or is equivalent of `alone` (as in `you alone`, `he alone` etc.) :
ÜðÙð èó ¡ðÚðð èø `to be sure, it is Ram who has come` or `Ram alone (only) has come`.
Pronouns and pronominal Adjectives and Adverbs combined with èó have already been discussed (118-29, 284). For ¡ðÑð èó (used both as an Adjective and as an Adverbs combined with èó have already been discussed (118-29, 284). For ¡ðÑð èó (used both as an Adjective and as an Adverb), see :- Of these, ¡ðÑð (occasionally followed by èó) [294 (a)] has an adjectival (intensifying) force and qualifies a Noun or Pronoun which it usually follows, and which, as a rule, is the logical subject of the sentence. See, however, (ii) below.

ÜðÙð ¡ðÑð (èó) ãðèðü ±ðÚðð Æðð `Ram himself had gone there`;

Ùðô»ð÷ ¡ðÑð èó ¸ððÐðð ÑðÀÿ÷±ðð `I shall have to go myself`;

ãð÷ ¡ðÑð (èó) ¡ð¦ü±ð÷ `they themselves will come`;

ÜðÙð ¡ðÑð Øðõ®ðð èø `Ram is himself hungry`;

£çðÐð÷ ¡ðÑð èó Úðè Ñðëð òâð®ðð èø `he himself has written this letter`.

Further uses of èó will be illustrated by the following sentences:
Ùð÷Ü÷ ¡ðÃð÷ èó µðð÷Ü Øðð±ð ±ðÚðð `as soon as I came, the thief ran away`,
Ùðøü ¸ðð èó Üèð Æðð `I was just leaving`,
Ùðøü ¸ðð¤û±ðð èó `I will go`,
Ùðøü ±ðÚðð èó ` I did go`,
Úðè ¨îðÙð ¡ð¸ð èó ¨îÜÐðð èð÷±ðð `this work will have to be done to-day`,
¡ðÑð ¨øîçð÷ èøü? ¡µ¶ð èó èõü `how are you ?` `Fairly well, (possibly),»
£çðÐð÷ äðÜ×ðÃð ©Úðð òÑðÚðð, ×ðð÷Ãðâð `he didn`t just drink Sherbat, he emptied
èó ®ððâðó ¨îÜ Çó (drained ) the bottle itself (the entire bottle)»,
¨ôî¶ èó òÇÐðð÷ü Ùð÷ü `in a very few days`,
¨ôî¶ ¡ðøÜ èó `something quite different`. Øðó = `also`. But note the following special uses:
Ùðøü ãðèðû ±ðÚðð Øðó ¡ðøÜ ¨îðÙð Øðó Ððèóü ×ðÐðð `in spite of my going there, I did not succeed`,
ÃðôÙð ¸ðð¡ð÷±ð÷ Øðó Úðð ×ðø¿÷ èó Üèð÷±ð÷ ` will you go or just keep sitting ?`,
¸ððÐð÷ Øðó Çð÷ or ÜèÐð÷ Øðó Çð÷ `do let it go (be), (it is not worthwhile)».
Øðó = `even` in such sentences as -
ãðè Úðèðû ¡ðÚðð Øðó Ððèóü `he did not even come here`.
¨îð÷ýá Øðó `anyone`, ¸ðð÷ Øðó `whosoever (relative), ¨ôî¶ Øðó = `anything`, Úðð÷ü Øðó `even thus`, `even otherwise`, òÒîÜ Øðó `yet eveb so` (conjunction 302-b-ii), ¡×ð Øðó `even now`, Ãð×ð Øðó `even then, even so`, (conjunction 302-b-ii), ¡×ð Øðó `even now`, Ãð×ð Øðó `even then, even so`, ¸ð×ð Øðó `whensoever`, ¸ðèðû Øðó `whersoever` (relative), ¨îèóü Øðó `anywhere`, ¸ðèðû ¨îèóü Øðó `in any place whatsoever` etc.(See:- The suffixes (or particles) Ùððëð and ØðÜ when attached to Nouns denoting time, signify `only` and `the whole....` respectively (294-e-f).

Thus-
êðÂð Ùððëð `just a moment`, òÇÐð ØðÜ `the whole day`,
ÜðÃð ØðÜ `the whole night`, ³ðÂ¾÷ ØðÜ `one whole hour`.
êðÂð ØðÜ and Ñðâð ØðÜ, however, are synonymous with êðÂð Ùððëð. These Nouns can be used as Adverbs without attaching ¨îð÷:
ãðè ÜðÃð ØðÜ ¨îðÙð ¨îÜÃðð èø `he works the whole night`,
But, ãðè ÜðÃð ¨îð÷ ¨îðÙð ¨îÜÃðð èø `he works at night`,
ÃðôÙð òÇÐð ØðÜ ¨îèðû Üè÷? `where were you the whole day?`,
êðÂð Ùððëð (or êðÂð ØðÜ) Úðèðü Ý¨îð÷ `stop here (for) a moment`.
Ç÷äð ØðÜ `the entire country`, ³ðÜ ØðÜ `the whole day`,
ÜðÃð ØðÜ `the whole night`, òÇÐð ØðÜ `the whole day`,
êðÂð ØðÜ `just a moment`.
ãðè ýÃðÐðð ØðÜ ¨îÜ Ç÷ `let him do obly (just) this much`,
ÃðôÙðÐð÷ ÑðÁÿð ØðÜ èø, ±ðôÐðð Ððèóü `you have only read, not studied`.
In the two sentences, ØðÜ can be replaced by èó. See :- ØðÜ is, in fact, the Absolutive (243) of the root `to fill`:

Ùðô¾þ¿ó ØðÜ = Ùðô¾þ¿ó ØðÜ ¨îÜ filling the handful`,
±ð¸ð ØðÜ = ±ð¸ð ØðÜ ¨îÜ filling (stretching) a yard measure` etc.

The meaning `entire, whole` (and `only`) has evolved out of `filling, full`. It could, like the English-ful, be regarded as a suffix but for the fact that it is still felt as a separate word, and can, besides, be attached to Adjectives and Verbs, as well as to Nouns (and be synonymous with èó) cf. 294-e.

Ùððëð is a Sanskrit suffix (originally the noun Ùððëðð `measurement`) denoting `only` or `whole`. In Sanskrit, it used to be attached to or tagged on to the main word:

òÐðòÙðÄðÙððëð `just an agent or cause`, òãðÌððÙððëð `only learning`, êðÂðôÙððëð `just a moment`, òãðäãðÙððëð `the entire universe`, ÙððÐðãðÙððëð `the entire humanity`,
Hoowever, in Hindi, Ùððëð has now come into use as an equivalent of ¨÷îãðâð `only` or èó `only`, `alone` and as a seprate word: Ñðµððçð ÝÑð¦ Ùððëð `Rupees fifty only`. Now it is also used before the main word:
Ùððëð Ùðøü ãðèðû Ððèóü ±ðÚðð `only, I did not go there`.

ØðÜ is, in fact, the Absolutive (243) of the root `to fill`:

Ùðô¾þ¿ó ØðÜ = Ùðô¾þ¿ó ØðÜ ¨îÜ filling the handful`,
±ð¸ð ØðÜ = ±ð¸ð ØðÜ ¨îÜ filling (stretching) a yard measure` etc.

CHAPTER XXXVI

Preposition is a word which indicates a relation between a Noun or a Pronoun and a Noun, Pronoun or Verb (66): A book for you; A bunch of flowers; Come with me. In Hindi, these words are placed after the Noun or Pronoun whose relation with another Noun etc. they denote. They may, therefore, be called post-positions. The case-signs Ðð÷, ¨îð÷, çð÷ etc. are Post-positions of a special nature (95).

The Post-positions are attached to a Noun or a Pronoun sually with the help of the case-sign ¨îð (or-Üð in the case of first and second person Pronouns and - Ððð in reflexive which are in the oblique form ¨÷î (or -Ü÷, -Ðð÷):

ÜðÙð ¨÷î çððÆð `along with Ram`, Ùð÷Ü÷ Ñððçð `with me` ¡ÑðÐð÷ Ñððçð `with me, with sombody`. The case-sign may sometimes be omitted: ÐðÇó (¨÷î) ÑððÜ `across the river`, Ñðó¿ (¨÷î) Ñðó¶÷, `behind the back`. A few Post-positions are attacned with the help of se: Ùðô»ð çð÷ Ñðèâð÷ `before me`, ³ðÜ çð÷ ×ððèÜ `outside the house`. Some are attached directly : ¡ÐÃð Ãð¨î `till the end`.

(a) All Post-positions, except ¨îð are, in fact, Adverbs: they limit the force fo the Verb as Adverbs do. The only difference between the two is that a Post-position modifies a Verb with the help of a Noun or a Pronoun, while an Adverb does it independently: