Способы письма в алфавите языка хинди (стр. 49 из 60)
| ÜðÙð ×ððèÜ èø | `Ram is outside` (Adverb) |
| ÜðÙð ³ðÜ ¨÷î ×ððèÜ èø | `Rm is outside the house` (Post-position) |
But in ãðè ÜðÙð ¨îð Øððýá èø `he is Ram`s brother` etc., ÜðÙð ¨îð is adjectival.
In Hindi, a Noun or a Pronoun combined with a Post-position is often used as a Noun and can attach case-signs ;
| ³ðÜ ¨÷î çððÙðÐð÷ ¨îó çðÀÿ¨î | `the road in front of the house` |
| äððÙð ¨÷î ×ððÇ çð÷ | `since after the evening` |
In such cases, the Post-positions do not have an adverbial force.
Some of the important Post-positions are given below:
a.The following are used with ¨÷î (or - Ü÷) :-
¡ÐÇÜ `within` (³ðÜ ¨÷î ¡ÐÇÜ) ¡ÐðôçððÜ `according to` (£çð¨÷î ¡ÐðôçððÜ) ¡ð±ð÷ `facing, in front of, çððÙðÐð÷ `in front of` (çð×ð¨÷î çððÙðÐð÷) beyond` (Ùð÷Ü÷ ¡ð±ð÷) Ñðó¶÷ `behind` (³ðÜ ¨÷î Ñðó¶÷) ¤ÑðÜ `above, upon` (Ùð÷¸ð ¨÷î ¤ÑðÜ) Ððóµð÷ `below, under` (Ñð÷Àÿ ¨÷î Ððóµð÷÷) Ñððçð `near, with` (ç¾÷äðÐð ¨÷î Ñððçð, Ùð÷Ü÷ Ñððçð) ¡ðçðÑððçð `around (äðèÜ ¨÷î ¡ðçðÑððçð) ØðóÃðÜ `within, in` (¨îÙðÜ÷ ¨÷î ØðóÃðÜ)
Ñðèâð÷ `before` (çðð÷Ðð÷ ¨÷î Ñðèâð÷) ×ððÇ `after` (£¿Ðð÷ ¨÷î ×ððÇ)
ÑððÜ `across` (ÐðÇó ¨÷î ÑððÜ) èðÆð or ÎðÜð `through` (Ðððø¨îÜ ¨÷î èðÆð, ÎðÜð) òâð¦ or ãððçÃð÷ `for` (ò¨îçð¨÷î òâð¦) òçðãðð or òçðãððÚð `except` (Ùð÷Ü÷ òçðãððÚð) ò×ðÐðð `without`, (£çð¨÷î ò×ðÐðð) ¡òÃðòÜ©ÃðÐð or ¡âððãðð `besides` (ÏðÐð ¨÷ ¡òÃðòÜ©Ãð) ×ðÇâð÷ `instead of` (çðô®ð ¨÷î ×ðÇâð÷) ×ðÜð×ðÜ `equal` (Ùð÷Ü÷ ×ðÜð×ðÜ)òãðÝÊ `against` (òÐðÚðÙð ¨÷î òãðÝÊ) Úðð÷±Úð or âððÚð¨î `worthy` (ÃðôÙèðÜ÷ Úðð÷±Úð, âððÚð¨î)òãðÑðÜóÃð `contrary to` (ýçð¨÷î òãðÑðÜóÃð) çððÆð `with (Ùð÷Ü÷ çððÆð)Úðèðû ` (live) with or, `at the place ¨îðÜÂð `because of` (Ùð÷Ü÷ ¨îðÜÂð) of` (Ùð÷Ü÷ Úðèðü `at the place) ×ððÜ÷ Ùð÷ü `about, concerning` (ÑðÁÿÐð÷ ¨÷î ×ððÜ÷ Ùð÷ü). ÙððÜ÷ `on account of` (Øðõ®ð ¨÷î ÙððÜ÷)
The following have ¨îó instead of ¨÷î:-
¡ð÷Ü or ÃðÜÒî `towards` (ãðÐð ¨îó ¡ð÷Ü) ØððøòÃð or ÃðÜè `like` (Ùð÷Üó ÃðÜè) ®ððòÃðÜ `for the sake of` (Ùð÷Üó ®ððòÃðÜ) ¡Ñð÷êðð or ×ðòÐðç×ðÃð `in comparison to` (ÏðÐð ¨îó ¡Ñð÷êðð). The following have a çð÷:-
Ñðèâð÷ `before (also ¨÷î) (çð×ðçð÷ Ñðèâð÷) ×ððèÜ `outside` (also ¨÷î)
ÇõÜ `far` (äðèÜ çð÷ ÇõÜ) (äðèÜ ¨÷î ×ððèÜ). The following are attached directly :-
ÑðÚðáÐÃð or Ãð¨î `upto, until` Ãðâð÷ `under` (òµðÜð±ð Ãðâð÷)
(¸ðóãðÐð ÑðÚðáÐÃð, ¨îâð Ãð¨î) ÑððÜ `across` (also with ¨÷î) ÎðÜð `through` (also with ¨÷î) (çðÙðôÍ ÑððÜ) (äðçëð ÎðÜð). The following are attached directlyto ýçð, £çð, ò¸ðçð, ò¨îçð, usually when referring to `things`:-
| ¡ð÷Ü `towards` | ÃðÜÒî `towards` |
| ×ððÜ÷ Ùð÷ü `about` | ÑððÜ `across` |
| ÃðÜè `like` | ýçð ¡ð÷Ü = ýÏðÜ `this way, hither` |
| ò¨îçð ¡ð÷Ü = ò¨îÏðÜ `which way ? whither ?` | ýçð ×ððÜ÷ Ùð÷ü `concerning this` |
| £çð ÑððÜ `the other side, (of the river etc.) | |
The Post-positions ÙððÜ÷, ò×ðÐðð and òçðãðð (Úð) are sometimes used, for the sake of emphasis, before the Noun which they govern:-
| £çð¨÷î ò×ðÐðð `without him` | or | ò×ðÐðð £çð¨÷î (emphatic) |
| Øðõ®ð ¨÷î ÙððÜ÷ `on account of hunger` | or | ÙððÜ÷ Øðõ®ð ¨÷î (emphatic) |
| Ùð÷Ü÷ òçðãðð (Úð) `except me` | or | òçðãðð (Úð) Ùð÷Ü÷ (emphatic) |
CHAPTER XXXVII
Conjunctions are words which join together or connect words, sentences, or Parts of a sentence (67): Mother and child came. (2) Is it good or bad? (3) I came, but you had gone. (4) you said that you would come. (5) The servant will wait until you come.
It is, however, not often that a conjunction connects two words, sentences, `mother came` and `child came` which have been contracted into one for the sake of economy. Similarly, `is it good or bad` is contracted from `isit good` and `is it bad`. Only in sentences like, `put two and two together`, or `Sita and Kamla are cousin` can a conjuntion be said to connect two words. In the third example, `I came but you had gone`, the two smaller sentences are independent of each other. In the fourth sentence, however, `you would come` is subordinate to `you said`, since it functions as the object of `said`. In the last sentence, `until you come` is subordinate sentences so the main sentences to the main sentence are called Subordinating. `and`, `or`, and `but` in the above examples are Co-ordinating; `that` and `until` are subordinating. Some of the important Hindi Conjunctions are given below:- Co-0rdinating ÃðÆðð or ¡ðøÜ `and`; ¦ãðü (or ¦ãðÙðþ) `as well as`; ÙðèðÃÙðð ±ððüÏðó Ðð÷ çðÃÚð ¦ãðü ¡òüèçðð Çð÷Ððð÷ü ¨îð £ÑðÇ÷äð òÇÚðð `Mahatma Gandhi preached truth as well as non-violence`. It is desirable to restrict the use of ¦ãðÙðþ for `as well as` and not to use it as just a synonym of ¡ðøÜ.
Úðð or ¡Æðãðð `or` ò¨î `or` (colloquial); Ðð.....Ðð `neither....nor` (293-d): Ððèóü Ãðð÷ (293-b& 294-c) or ¡Ü ÜÜ `otherwise, or else»; Úðð.............Úðð `either............or`; ãðð `or`;
µððè÷...........µððè÷ `whether........or`, Ðð ò¨î ` (but)O not`:
ÃðôÙðÐð÷ ®ððÐðð ®ððÚðð Úðð (¡Æðãðð) Ððèóü ? `have you taken your food, or not ?`, ÃðôÙð ¸ððÃð÷ èð÷ ò¨î Ððèóü `are you going or not?` (colloquial),» Ðð ãðè µððÚð ÑðóÃðð èø Ðð ¨îðùÒîó `he takes neither tea nor coffee` Ùð÷èÐðÃð ¨îÜð÷ ¡ÐÚðÆðð (Ððèóü Ãðð÷) `work hard, otherwise you will fail`, Ò÷îâð èð÷ ¸ðð¡ð÷±ð÷
Úðð ÃðôÙð ¸ðð¡ð÷ Úðð Ùðøü `either you go or I (go)»,
µððè÷ ÃðôÙð Üèð÷, µððè÷ ¸ðð¡ð÷... `whether you remain or go......`,
Ùðøü ¡ÑðÐð÷ òÙðëð çð÷ òÙðâðÐð÷ ¡ðÚðð èõû, `I have come to see my friend,
Ðð ò¨î ÃðôÙðçð÷ not you`
ãðð `or` is now archaic.
ÑðÜ ëðÐÃðô, ò¨îÐÃðô, Ùð±ðÜ or âð÷ò¨îÐð `but`, ÑßÃÚðôÃð or ×ðòâ¨î `but also, besides, but, on the other hand`;
ÙðøüÐð÷ ¡ðÑð ¨îð ¨ôî¶ ò×ð±ððÀð Ððèóü, ÑßÃÚðôÃð (×ðòâ¨î) Øðâðð èó ò¨îÚðð èø
`I have done no charm to you; on the other hand, I have rendered you a service`.
×ðÜÐð `but` is now obsolete. ýçðòâð¦, ¡Ãð¦ãð, ¡Ãð: `therefor, hence, consequently`; çðð÷ `so` (archaic.)
a.Subordinating ©Úðð÷üò¨î `because`; ýçðòâð¦....ò¨î `so that, for the purpose that.....`:
Ùðøü Úðèðü ýçðòâ𦠡ðÚðð ò¨î ¡ðÑðçð÷ ¦¨î ò¨îÃðð×ð Ùððû±ðõ `I have come here so that I may ask you for a book`. ÚðòÇ....Ãðð÷ `if .....then`, (285-m); ÚðÌðòÑð `although`; Ãðð÷ Øðó=òÒîÜ Øðó =`yet even so`; ÚðÌðòÑð....ÃðÆððòÑð `though....yet`:
ÚðòÇ ¡ðÑð µððè÷ü, Ãðð÷ Ùðøü ãðèðû ¸ðð çð¨îÃðð èõû `I can go there if you so want`.
ò¨î `that`; ¡ÆððáÃðþ `that is` :
ÙðøüÐð÷ £çðçð÷ ¨îèð ò¨î....`I told him that.......`;
`çðãðáÐððÙð` ¡ÆððáÃðþ èÙð, Ãðõ ÃðôÙð ¡ðòÇ `pronouns`, i.e. we, thou, you etc.