Способы письма в алфавите языка хинди (стр. 51 из 60)

Ùðô»ð÷, Ùðô»ð¨îð÷ (114)

With pronouns, the ¨îð÷ forms and ¨îð÷, a pronominal case-sign would have been completely discarded but for its utility in the adjectival use of Pronouns. In such phrases as Ùðô»ð ÇóÐð ¨îð÷ Ðð çðÃððý¦, £Ðð âðð÷±ðð÷ü ¨îð÷ Úðèðû ×ðôâðð¡ð÷. (127), -¦ or -è÷ü forms cannot be used.

¡ÑðÐðð (120½ð

¡ÑðÐðð (reflexive, like Ãð÷Üð, Ùð÷Üð, ÃðôÙèðÜð, £çð¨îð etc.) is an Adjective. It replaces the latter in every case where they refer to the logical subject of the sentence (``the doer``), whether it (the subject) is in the Direct Case, or in the Oblique Case with Ðð÷, or çð÷ (in Passive Voice), or with ¨îð÷ (266-70).

In the direct case and oblique with Ðð÷, the logical subject is identical with the grammatical: Ùðøü ¡ÑðÐðð ¨îðÙð ¨îÜÃðð èõü, ÙðøüÐð÷ ¡ÑðÐðð ¨îðÙð ò¨îÚðð:

A logical subject in the oblique with ¨îð÷ or çð÷ is not the grammatical subject-that position is occupied by the logical object:

Ùðô»ð¨îð÷ (Ùðô»ð÷) ¡ÑðÐðð ¨îðÙð ¡µ¶ð âð±ðÃðð èø,

Ùðô»ðçð÷ ¡ÑðÐðð ¨îðÙð Ððèóü èð÷Ãðð.

In all the four sentences, ¡ÑðÐðð has replaced Ùð÷Üð because Ùðøü (the person referred to by Ùð÷Üð) is the logical subject in all the four.

But in a sentence like Ùðô»ðçð÷ Ùð÷Ü÷ Øððýá Ðð÷ ¨îèð, Ùð÷Ü÷ cannot be replaced by ¡ÑðÐð÷ because Øððýá is the subject here and not Ùðøü.

Irregular or loose use of ¡ÑðÐðð is met with in such sentences as £çð÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ ³ðÜ Øð÷¸ð Çð÷ or £çð÷ £çð¨÷î ³ðÜ Øð÷¸ð Çð÷ `send him to his house.` The former sentence could also mean `send him to your house`, which is really its correct signification, since ¡ÑðÐð÷ must refer to the implied subject `you`. ¡ÑðÐðð is sometimes used for denoting ÃðôÙèðÜð (or Ãð÷Üð)=+èÙððÜð (or Ùð÷Üð) in such sentences as:-

Úðè Ùð¨îðÐð ¡ÑðÐðð èó èø `this house is ours (yours and mine)», where the person spoken to is included in ¡ÑðÐðð either, as a matter of fact,or out of friendliness or humility on the part of the speaker (the house actually belonging to the speaker alone).

A further extension of the ``friendliness or humility`` is achieved by saying Úðè Ùð¨îðÐð ¡ðÑð¨îð èó èø for Úðè Ùð¨îðÐð Ùð÷Üð èø.

Progressive Aspect (170-2)

The progressive form represents an act as going on, as progresing or continuing. It cannot, therefore, be used with such verbs as denote by nature, a fact complete in itself. A Verb likr ¸ððÐðÐðð `toknow` has no progressive forms since `know` denotes a fact, ``not something uncompleted, that is, still going on``. Verbs denoting a state or condition, similarly, do not usually employ the progressive form.

The Present Tense (188)

(a) The terminate forms of the present may refer to Immediate Future:

Ùðøü ¡Øðó ÑðüÍè òÙðÐð¾ Ùð÷ü ¸ððÃðð èõû `I (shall) leave within fifteen minutes` etc.

The progressive form can similarly be used for Immediate Future:
Ùðøü ¡Øðó ¸ðð Üèð èõû `I am just going`.
It can also be used for Immediate Past:
Ùðøü ¡Øðó ×ðÙ×ðýá çð÷ ¡ð Üèð èõû `I am just coming from Bombay`.
The terminate form should not be used in this sense (Immediate Past). A negative sentence with a Terminate Present may denote `unwillingness, refusal` etc.

Ùðøü Úðè ×ðð÷»ð Ððèóü £¿ðÃðð `I won`t lift this load`,
Ùðøü ×ðð¸ððÜ Ððèóü ¸ððÃðð `I don`t like to go to the market`,
Úðè ³ðð÷Àÿð Ððèóü µðâðÃðð `this horse won`t move`.

The Past Tense (194)

(a) The simple past can be used for Immediate Future:

¡ðÑð µðòâð¦, Ùðøü ¡Øðó ¡ðÚðð `your proceed, I will follow you`.

(b) conditional sentences, the simple past refers to the future,usually implying some (certain and immediate) consequence:

ÚòÇ Ãðõ ãðèðü ±ðÚðð, Ãðð÷ òÑð¾÷±ðð `if you go there, you shall be thrashad`,
±ððÀó ¡ðýá ¡ðøÜ èÙð µðÁ÷ `we shall get in as soon as the train arrives.`

The simple past, when used as future conditional, may have the rare progerssive form ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð, ¸ððÃðð èô¡ð etc.
ÚðòÇ ãðè äððÙð ¨îð÷ ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð, Ãðð÷ ©Úðð èð÷±ðð ? `what will happen if he is coming this
eveing ?`,
Ùðø ¨îâð Ççð ×ð¸ð÷ ¡ð¤û±ðð, £çð çðÙðÚð ÚðòÇ Ãðõ çðð÷Ãðð èô¡ð Úðð çðð÷Ãð òÙðâðð Ãðð÷ çð¸ðð Ñðð¦±ðð| `I will come to-morrow at ten o`clock; if you are sleeping (asleep) at that hour, you shall be punished [see In fact, ¡ð Üèð is to be regarded as a past participle form of the compound ¡ð + ÜèÐðð, and as equivalent to ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð. This is clear from the fact that a present participle when used as an Adjective denotes the progressive aspect with the help of forms like ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð, ¸ððÃðð èô¡ð etc. (241).
It may also be noted that the rare progressive of the simple past (when used as future conditional) is ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð. (322). and See : the Indicative Past has no progressive form - except the rare
conditional ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð [262-d and 322-c]; ].
The Future form of èð÷Ððð `to be` may be used as a Presumptive (232-c): èð÷±ðð used as a remark or comment upon some statement may express indifference:
£çð¨÷î Ñððçð ×ðèôÃð Ñðøçðð èø - èð÷±ðð `he has a lot of money`, `what of it ?` or `what do I care?`

Present Perfect (207)

The Present Perfect is really a past tense, but the past act that it represents is always related to the present. It cannot refer to an act which is wholly past and gone. Thus, we can say âðÀÿ¨îð ¡ðÚðð èø `the boy has come` only if the boy is still here, whenever he may have come. But we cannot say âðÀÿ¨îð ¨îâð ¡ðÚðð èø ¡ðøÜ ¡ð¸ð µðâðð ±ðÚðð `the boy ``has come`` yesterday and went to-day` because the boy`s coming can no longer be related to the present: he is gone. Similarly, we can say ØððÜÃð Ùð÷ü ¡äðð÷¨î ¸ðøçð÷ ÙðèðÐð Üð¸ðð èô¦ èøü `there have been great kings like Ashok in India` because India exists and we can relate its past to its present. We cannot, however, say µðÐͱðôÑÃð Ðð÷ Ñðð¾òâðÑðôëð ¨îð÷ Üð¸ðÏððÐðó ×ðÐððÚðð èø `Chandragupta ``has made`` Pataliputra his capital`, because neither Chandragupta nor Pataliputra now exists.

It is, therefore, not correct to call this tense `Recent Past` (¡ðçðÐÐð ØðõÃð) as has been done by many grammarians. The present perfect has nothing whatever to do with the recentness or remoteness of a past action.

Habitual Past (212)

(a) The Habitual Past represents an action as habitually or regularly done in the past. It is neither ``Past Imperfect`` nor ``Progressive Past`` Nor can it, in modern Hindi, refer to a Particular action of the past, for which the simple past (or past progressive Üèð Æðð) must be used. It is not correct to say, for example, ¨îâð ÜðÙð ç¨õîâð ¸ððÃðð Æðð. A few verbs, however, represent action as a fact complete in itself See:- The progressive form represents an act as going on, as progresing or continuing. It cannot, therefore, be used with such verbs as denote by nature, a fact complete in itself. A Verb likr ¸ððÐðÐðð `toknow` has no progressive forms since `know` denotes a fact, ``not something uncompleted, that is, still going on``. Verbs denoting a state or condition, similarly, do not usually employ the progressive form. ), which consequently cannot be habitual. It is only in the case of such verbs that Past Habitual represents a particular action.

ãðè ¸ððÐðÃðð Æðð `he knew`. ¸ððÐðÃðð Æðð cannot mean `he used to know`. `knowing a thing` cannot be repeated!

The forms ¸ðð Üèð Æðð etc. etc. do not, in fact, represent the progressive aspect of ¸ððÃðð Æðð form which they are apparently made. The similarity is purely formal. ¸ðð Üèð Æðð is really the progressive aspect corresponding to ±ðÚðð See:(a) The Indicative Past, as discussed above, invariably refers to a particular act done in the past. It is never used with reference to an act habitually or regularly done in the past, for which the habitual past is used.

The common forms noted above are, obviously, terminate:they represent a particular past action as a whole or as a fact, not as going on. For the progressive, and

(a) The above forms are terminate, not progressive: they do not represent the act as going on in the past. Their use as progressive (``Imperfect`` or ``Continuous``) forms is archaic or dialectic.

(b) The progressive forms are made, as in the present (190) by replacing the Ãðð by Üèð:

Ùðøü, Ãðõ, ãðè ¸ðð Üèð Æðð (Üèó Æðó)	`I, thou, he, she, it was going`,
èÙð, ÃðôÙð, ãð÷ ¸ðð Üè÷ Æð÷ (Üèó Æðóü)	`we, you, they were going` etc.

These, however, represent the progressive aspect of the simple past rather than of the habitual.

Participles (239)

The Present Participle represents an action as proceeding or progressing. It is progressive by nature, although with èø and Æðð, ot assumes a terminate chararacter. The Present Participle, therefore, has no need of a fresh Progressive form. However, a èô¡ð is sometimes attached to a Present Participle in order to make it a clear progressive (241-b and 262-d).

The Üèð progressive of Present Participle is a further attempt at expressing the progressive aspect with perfect clarity, and forms like ÇðøÀÿ Üèó ±ððÀÿó `the running train` and ò±ðÜ Üèó ãðæððá `the falling rain` are being used especially in poetry. They are, however, hardly necessary.

The Past Participle of a Transitive Verb is passive by nature. It represents an action as completed, and at the same time qualifies the object. (The past participle of an Intransitive Verb, which has no object, qualifies the subject). There is, thus, no need of a fresh passive forms with ±ðÚðð or èô¡ð (272-b) serrve only to make the passive sense more definite. èô¡ð cna be attached to Intransitive Verbs also, but never ±ðÚðð. The ±ðÚðð in µðâðð ±ðÚðð (Intransitive) is not of passive origin. It is the past participle form of the Subsidiary Verb ¸ððÐðð in the compound Verb µðâðð ¸ððÐðð `go away`.

CHAPTER XXXX

In the Active Voice (with the subject acting) :- A subject is usually in the direct case, when the Verb must agree with it in Number, Gender and Perosn:
âðÀÿ¨îð ¡ðÃðð èø, âðÀÿ¨îó ¡ð¦±ðó, ±ððÚð ±ðýá, ×ðµµð÷ çðð÷Ãð÷ èð÷ü±ð÷
This is Subjectival Construction. With a Transitive Verb having a past participle form, the subject is in the oblique case with Ðð÷, when the Verb agrees with the object:
âðÀÿ¨÷î Ðð÷ µððÚð Ñðó, ¨îÙðâðð Ðð÷ ¡ðÙð ®ðð¦
This is Objectival Construction. But if the object pf a verb with a past participle form has ¨îð÷ or ¦, the verb is in the masculine singular, third person:
Ñ߸ðð Ðð÷ ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ Üð¸ð ×ðÐððÚðð, èÙðÐð÷ £çð÷ Ðððø¨îÜ Ü®ðð
This is Neutral Construction.