Способы письма в алфавите языка хинди (стр. 52 из 60)

Note- (i) With a Transitive Verb of Incomplete Predication, the object always has ¨îð÷.
(ii) A Verb with two objects cannot be in the Neutral Construction. It must, in such cases, agree with the primary object: Ùððùü Ðð÷ Ðððø¨îÜ ¨îð÷ ÝÑð¦ òÇ¦
(iii) Pronouns may have - ¦ or - è÷ü instead of ¨îð÷.

A Verb can be in the Objectival or the Neutral Construction only if it has a past participle. Elsewhere, the Verb is always in the subjectival Construction, whether it is Transitive or Intransitive, complete or incomplete:

Ùðøü ®ððÐðð ®ððÃðð èõû, ¨îâðð ò¨îÃðð×ð ÑðÁÿ÷±ðó, Ùððû Ðððø¨îÜ ¨îð÷ ÝÑð¦ Ç÷Ãðó Æðó

An Intransitive Verb is always in the Subjectival Construction even when it has a past participle.

ÜðÙð ¡ðÚðð, âðÀÿ¨÷î ÇðøÀÿ÷, Òîâð ò±ðÜð

With Verbs denoting ``experience`` etc. (266-270), the subject always has ¨îð÷ (or- ¦, - è÷ü in case of Pronouns); and the ``object of experience`` is in the direct case with which the Verb agrees:
Ùðô»ð÷ Øðõ®ð âð±ðó èø, £çð÷ ×ðèôÃð ¨îðÙð èø, ×ðµµð÷ ¨îð÷ Çãðð ÑðóÐðó ÑðÀÿ÷±ðó
A Verb of this class is always in the Objectival Construction.

In the Passive Voice:-
a. The logical subject (``doer``) , if mentioned, always has çð÷; and the logical object (``that which is acted upon``) is in the direct case, with which the Verb agrees:

âðÀÿ¨÷î çð÷ ¨îðÙð Ððèóü ò¨îÚðð ¸ððÃðð, ¨îÙðâðð çð÷ Üð÷¾ó Ððèóü ®ððýá ¸ððÃðó

ÜðãðÂð ÙððÜð ±ðÚðð (logical subject not mentioned). The construction thus, is Objectival.

Note- (i) In the passive voice, the logical object assumes the role of the grammatical subject (``that about which something has been said``).

It cannot, of course, replace the logical subject - `` the doer``.

The logical subject is usually mentioned only if abiliity or inability to do something is implied. Only a Transitive Verb can be in the Passive Voice. If a Verb has two objects, the Verb agrees with the primary object, the secondary object being in the oblique case:
Ðððø¨îÜ ¨îð÷ ÃðóÐð ÝÑð¦ òÇ¦ ±ð¦.
The construction is Objectival, with the logical subject omitted. With the Verbs ¨îèÐðð, Ñðô¶Ððð, Ùððû±ðÐðð etc., the secondary object has çð÷: Ùðô»ðçð÷ ¨îèð ¸ððÃðð èø, £çðçð÷ Ñðõ¶ð ±ðÚðð (98-×ð).
With Verbs of incomplete predication in the passive Voice, the object usually has ¨îð÷ (or-¦, -è÷ü) and the Verb is always in the third person singular masculine form:
Ùðð÷èÐð ¨îð÷ Ñðð±ðâð ¨îèð ±ðÚðð, Ùð¨îðÐð ¨îð÷ »ðð÷üÑðòÀ ÙððÐðð ±ðÚðð.
the construction, thus, is Neutral. Neutral construction is met with also in other Verbs, especially if the object is a Pronoun:
£çð÷ ¨îð÷Àð÷ü çð÷ Ñðó¾ð ±ðÚðð, Ùðô»ð÷ ×ðÙ×ðýá ×ðôâððÚðð ±ðÚðð èø. With the ``true passive `` (274), the object is always in the direct case, which the Verb agrees. The subject. if mentioned, has çð÷: Ñð÷Àÿ ¨î¾ Üèð èø, ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü ò×ð¨÷üî±ðó, Ùðô»ðçð÷ Úðè ÇÜãðð¸ðð Ððèóü ®ðôâðÃðð, âðÀÿ¨÷î çð÷ ¨îâðÙð ¾õ¾ ±ðýá. The construction is Objectival.
Note - (i) The subject, where mentione, is either ``able`` or ``unable`` to do something, or does something unintentionally as in the last sentence, or as in Ùðô»ðçð÷ Øðõâð èð÷ ±ðýá.
(ii) All ``true passive`` are Intransitive in form, but Transitive in sense. In their active form, they change into Verbs.
Ðððø¨îÜ Ñð÷Àÿ ¨îð¾Ãðð èø, Ùðøü ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü ×ð÷µðÃðð èõû (274-b). All passive have eighte the objectival, or the neutral construction. They can never be in the subjectival construction : the Verb never agrees with the logical subject (or, to put in other words, the logical subject, of a passive is never in the direct form).

In the Impersonal Voice (278) the Verb is always in the third person singular masculine form, and the subject if mentioned, has çð÷:
µðâðð÷ çðð÷Úðð ¸ðð¦, Ùðô»ðçð÷ Ððèóü £¿ð ¸ððÃðð. This is the Neutral Construction.
Note:- (i) Only Intransitive Verbs can be in the Impersonal Voice.
(ii) In the Impersonal Voice, the Verb is always in the neutral construction.

(a) All Verbs having a present or past participle form are affected by the Number, Person and Gender of the subject or of the object.
(b) Othe forms of Verbs are affected by only the number and Person of the subject or of the object.
(c) All Verbs, when they are in the neutral construction, are in the third person singular masculine form Two or More Subjects

(a) If a sentence has two or more subjects, the Verb is in the Plural:
ÜðÙð ¡ðøÜ âðêÙðÂð ¡ð¦ èøü; ¨îÙðâðð ¡ðøÜ ÜðÏðð µðâðó ±ðýá.
(b) The Gender of such a Verb is feminine only if all the subjects are Feminine. If the subjects are living beings, and one of them is Masculine, the Verb is also masculine:
ÜðÙð ¡ðøÜ çðóÃðð ãðÐð ¨îð÷ µðâð÷; ÜðÏðð, ¨îÙðâðð ¡ðøÜ Ùðð÷èÐð ¡ð Üè÷ èøü; âðÀÿ¨÷î ¡ðøÜ âðÀÿò¨îÚððü ®ð÷âð Üè÷ èø.
(c) If all the subjects are inanimate things and singular, the Verb again agrees with the masculine:
¦¨î ç¾õâð ¡ðøÜ Ùð÷¸ð Ü®ð÷ èøü; âðð÷¾ð ¡ðøÜ Æððâðó Ü®ð÷ èøü.
(d) Elsewhere, the Verb agrees with the nearest Subject:
Òîâð ¡ðøÜ òÙð¿ðýáÚððû Ü®ðó èøü; ÆððòâðÚððû ¡ðøÜ ò±ðâððçð Ü®ð÷ èøü

It is usual to `sum up` the two or more subjects by the words Çð÷Ððð÷ü (both) and çð×ð (all) placed after the subjects, in which case the Verb is Masculine (unless, of course, all the subjects are Feminine) :
Òîâð ¡ðøÜ òÙð¿ðýáÚððû Çð÷Ððð÷ü òÙðâðÃð÷ èøü; ×ðµµð÷, ×ðôÀþÁÿ÷, ¸ðãððÐð çð×ð µðâð÷; ¨îÙðâðð ¡ðøÜ ÜðÏðð Çð÷Ððð÷ü ¡ðýá èøü; ¨îÙðâðð, ÜðÏðð ¡ðøÜ âðêÙðó çð×ð µðâðó ±ðýá

If the subjects are itwo or more Pronouns in different persons, the `order of Preference` for the Verb is first-second-third:
Ùðøü ¡ðøÜ ÃðôÙð (or ÃðôÙð ¡ðøÜ Ùðøü) µðâð÷ü±ð÷ (first person plural); Ùðøü, ÃðôÙð ¡ðøÜ ãðè µðâð÷ü±ð÷ (first person plural); ÃðôÙð ¡ðøÜ ãðè ¸ðð Üè÷ èð÷ (second person plural).
Gendedr follows the same rules as in the case of Nouns.
The above rules hold good also when the Verb agrees with the object (i.e. in the objectival construction):
ÙðøüÐð÷ ¦¨î ò±ðâððçð ¡ðøÜ ¦¨î Æððâðó ®ðÜóÇó; µðð÷Ü Ðð÷ ¦¨î ò±ðâððçð ¡ðøÜ ÃðóÐð ÆððòâðÚððû µðôÜðýá
The Verb agrees with the subject (in the direct case) even if there is a predicative word referring to it, which has another Gender.
ÃðôÙèðÜó Ùðõ®ðáÃðð Ðððäð ¨îð ¨îðÜÂð èð÷±ðó; âðêÙðó×ððýá çãðÚðü çð÷ÐððÑðòÃð ×ðÐðó

CHAPTER XXXXI

The normal order of words in a senternce is as follows:- Intransitive Verbs
(i) Subject Verb
âðÀÿ¨îð ¡ðÚðð
(ii) Subject Predicative word Verb
Ùðð÷èÐð µðÃðôÜ èø Transitive Verbs-
(i) Subject Object Verb
âðÀÿ¨îð Òîâð ®ððÃðð èø
(ii) Subject Object Predicative word Verb referring to the Object
Üð¸ðð Ðð÷ Ùðð÷èÐð ¨îð÷ Ùðüëðó ×ðÐððÚðð Transitive Verbs with two objects
Subject Secondary object Primary object Verb

Ùððü Ðð÷ Ðððø¨îÜ ¨îð÷ ÝÑð¦ òÇ¦

Adjectives are placed immediately before the Noun which they qualify (except, of course, when they are used as Predicative words) : ¶ð÷¾ð âðÀÿ¨îð ¡ðÚðð; Ùððû Ðð÷ ×ðôÀþÁÿ÷ Ðððø¨îÜ ¨îð÷ Ñððûµð ÝÑðÚð òÇ¦ But Ùðð÷èÐð ×ðèôÃð µðÃðôÜ èø
Nouns having ¨îð and Pronouns having -Üð are adjectival and are placed immediately befoer the related Noun, or before its Adjective, if there is one:
ÜðÙð ¨îð ¶ð÷¾ð Øððýá ¡ðÚðð : ÙðøÐð÷ ÃðôÙèðÜó (Ððýá) ò¨îÃðð×ð ÑðÁÿó But Úðè ò¨îÃðð×ð ÜðÙð ¨îó èø (Predicative). Adverbs are usually placed before the Verb:
ÜðÙð Úðèðû ÜèÃðð èø,
¡Ððð¸ð ¡ÐÇÜ Ü®ðð÷ Nouns having çð÷ and denoting means, instrument etc., or separation precede the object.
µðð¨õî çð÷ Òîâð ¨îð¾ð÷,
ãðè ×ðð¸ððÜ çð÷ Òîâð âððÚðð Nouns having Ùð÷ü or ÑðÜ are usually placed before the Verb (or before a predicative word, if any):
Ùð÷Üð ³ðÜ äðèÜ Ùð÷ü èø,
ò¨îÃðð×ð Ùð÷¸ð ÑðÜ èø,
³ðÜ ¦¨î çððâð Ùð÷ü ÃðøÚððÜ èô¡ð. Ððèóü, Ðð and ÙðÃð are generally placed immediately before the Verb:
ãðè ¨îðÙð Ððèóü ¨îÜÃðð,
¡ðÑð ãðèðû Ðð ¸ððý¦,
¨îµµð÷ Òîâð ÙðÃð ®ðð¡ð÷.
But sometimes otherwise as well: £çð÷ ¶ôÐðð ÙðÃð; ãðè ¨îðÙð Ãðð÷ ¨îÜÃðð Ððèóü. The particles èó, Ãðð÷, Øðó etc. are placed after the word which they emphasize: