Способы письма в алфавите языка хинди (стр. 53 из 60)

Ùðøü ¨îâð èó ¡ðÚðð èõû	`I have come only yesterday`,
ÃðôÙð Øðó Ùð÷Ü÷ çððÆð µðâðð÷	`you also come with me`,
ÃðôÙð Ùð÷Ü÷ çððÆð µðâðð÷ Øðó	`do come with me`.

A word shifted from its normal position qcquires emphasis:

¡ðÑð ãðèðû Ðð ¸ððý¦	`please don`t go there`,
ãðèðû ¡ðÑð Ðð ¸ððý¦	`please don`t go there`,
ÜðÙð Úðèðû ÜèÃðð èø	`Ram lives here`,
Úðèðû ÜðÙð ÜèÃðð èø	`here lives Ram`,
µðð¨õî çð÷ Òîâð ¨îð¾ð÷	`cut the fruit with the knife`, or `cut the fruit with the knife`,
ò¨îÃðð×ð Ùð÷¸ð ÑðÜ èø	`the book is on he table`,
Ùð÷¸ð ÑðÜ ò¨îÃðð×ð èø	`on the table, there is a book`,

The interrogative ©Úðð is usually placed at the beginning of the sentence.

©Úðð ÜðÙð ×ðð¸ððÜ ±ðÚðð èø?	`has Ram gone to the market`,
©Úðð ¡ðÑð Úðè ÑðôçÃð¨î ÑðÁÿÐðð µððèÃð÷ èøü?	`do you want to read this book?`

Rhetorically, or for the sake of emphasis, ©Úðð may be placed immediately after the subject or at the end of the sentence:

ÜðÙð ©Úðð ×ðð¸ððÜ ±ðÚðð èø ?	`has Ram gone to the market ?`
ÜðÙð ×ðð¸ððÜ ±ðÚðð èø ©Úðð ?	`has Ram gone to the market?`
¡ðÑð Úðè ÑðôçÃð¨î ÑðÁÿÐðð µððèÃð÷ èøü ©Úðð?	`do you want to read this book?`

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I
		Prefixes are subsidiary words (prepositions and particles) which are, as a rule, not used independently, but modify the meaning of a word (usually Noun or an Adjective), when attached to it in the beginning. Thus- ±ðôÂð = `virtue`, but ¡ãð±ðôÂð = `fault defect`, ÇðÐð = `giving`, but ¡ðÇðÐð = `taking`, ÑßòçðÊ = `famous`, but çðôÑßòçðÊ = `very famous`, Ùðð÷âð = `value or price, but ¡ÐðÙðð÷âð = `priceless`, òÇÐð = `day` but ÑßòÃðòÇÐð = `every day, daily`. Nouns, Adjectives other words to which a perfix has thus been attached are included among Compounds (Appendix III). They are discussed here for the sake of convenience. Most of the perfixes in use in Hindi are Tatsama, a few are Tadbhave, while others have been borrowed form Aeabic or persain. The more important perfixes and compounds formed with their help are listed below. The compounds marked as A are Adverbial (App III, 13) and those marked as P are Possessive (App III, 15). Tatsama Prefixes 1.¡ denotes `negation` or `lack`: ÐÚððÚð `justice`, ¡ÐÚððÚð `injustice` åðÐð `knowledge`, ¡òèüçðð `non-violence`, `non-injury`, ¨îâðü¨î `spot, blame`, ¡¨îâðü¨î `spotless` (P). This ¡ is repleced by ¡Ððõ when attached to a word beginning with a vowel: £òµðÃð `pr oper`, ¡ÐðôòµðÃð `improper`, ¦¨î `one`, ¡Ðð÷¨î `many`, ¡ðòÇ `beginning`, ¡ÐððòÇ `without beginning`, (P) (2)¡òÃð = `very`, `exceedingly`: ¡òÃð ¨î¿ð÷Ü `very hard` ¡òÃð ¨îð÷Ùðâð `very delicate`, ¡òÃðÇô×ðáâð `exceedingly weak`, ¡ÃÚðôÇðÜ (¡òÃð +£ÇðÜ) `very generous`. (4) ¡Ððô = `following`, `after`, `according to`, `similar to`: ¡Ððô±ðÙðÐð `following`, ¡Ððô¨îÜÂð `imitation`, (±ðÙðÐð `going`), (¨îÜÂð `doing`), ¡ÐðôÞÑð `similar, worthy of` (P), ¡ÐðôãððÇ `translation`, (ÝÑð form`) (ãððÇ `speaking`). (5) ¡Ñð = `contrary`, `lacking`, `away`: ¡ÑðÙððÐð `disgrace, insult`, ¡ÑðÞÑð `formless` (P); ¡Ñðäð¨ôîÐð `bad omen`, ¡ÑðèÜÂð `taking away`, carryinmg off`. (6) ¡òØð = `towards`, `against`, `superior`, `special`: ¡òØðØððæðÂð `address`; ¡òØðÙðÃð `opinion` ¡òØðÚððÐð `expedition`; ¡òØðÜêðð `custody`. (7) ¡ãð = `contrary`, `lacking,» `inferior`: ¡ãð±ðôÂð `defect, fault`; ¡ãðµð÷ÃðÐð `opinion` ¡ãðÙðõâÚðÐð `devaluation`, (µð÷ÃðÐð `conscious`). (8) ¡ð = `until`, `contrary`: ¡ð¸ðÐÙð `for life` (A), `life-long,» ¡ðÙðÜÂð `until death` (A); ¡ðÇðÐð `taking`; ¡ð±ðÙðÐð `coming` (ÇðÐð `giving`), (±ðÙðÐð `going`). (9) £Ãðþ, £Çþ = `upwards`, `superior`: £ÃÆððÐð `rise, progress`. £Çþ×ðð÷ÏðÐð `awakening, exhortation`; £Çþ±ðÙð `rising, shooting forth, origin`; £Çþ³ðð¾Ðð `opening, inauguration`; £ÇþÇÂÀ `ill-behaved, rude` (P). (10) £Ñð = `near`, `infeior`, `vice -`, `sub--`: £ÑðÐððÙð `surname, nickname`; £ÑðÐð±ðÜ `suburb`; £ÑðòÐðÚðÙð `sub-rule`; £ÑðÑßÏððÐð `vice-president`; £ÑðÙðüëðó `deputy minister`. (11) ÇôÜþ, Çôçðþ = `evil`, `diffcult`: Çô±ðáôÂð `evil qualities`; Çô¸ðáÐð `villain`; (¸ðÐð person) ÇôÇáäðð `bad situation`; ÇôâðáØð `difficult to obtain` (P). Çô±ðáÙð `difficult to traverse, or approach` (P). (12) òÐðÜþ, òÐðçðþ = `away`, `out`, `without`: òÐðÜÆðá¨î `meaningless, useless` (P); òÐðÜÑðÜðÏð `innocent` (P) òÐðØðáÚð `fearless` Ðð¸ðáÐð `lonely` (place); òÐðÚððáÃð `export`; òÐðçÃð÷¸ð `spiritless` (P); òÐðäµðâð `unmoving, fixed` òÐðæ¨îðÙð `desireless (P); (µðâð `moving`) (13) ÑðòÜ = `around`, `fully`, `well`: ÑðòܸðÐð `entourage, sevants`; ÑðòܪîÙðð `circumambulation`; ÑðòÜÃðð÷æð `full satisfaction`; ÑðòÜÑð©ãð `quite ripe`; ÑðòÜãðÏðáÐð `addition, enlargement`. (14) Ñß = `excess`, `very`, `forward`: Ñß×ðâð `very strong` (P); ÑßÚðÃÐð `great effort`; Ñß®ÚððÃð `well-known`; ÑßòªîÚðð `process`; Ñßêð÷Ñð `projection`; Ñß±ðòÃð `progress`. (15) ÑßòÃð = `against`, `opposite`, `every`: ÑßòÃðÏãðòÐð `echo`; ÑßòÃðò×ðÙ×ð `reflection`; ÑßòÃðãððÇó `defendant`; ÑßòÃðòÇÐð `everyday` (A); (ãððÇó `plaintiff) ÑßòÃðêðÂð `every moment` (A) (16) òãð = `lacking`, `away`, `special`, `various`, `opposite`: òãð¸ðÐð `lonely (place)» (P); òãðçÙðÜÂð `forgetting, forgetfulness`; òãðÙðâð `spotless, clean` (P); òãðìððÐð `science`; òãð¸ðÚð ` victory`; òãðØðð±ð `division, distribution`: òãðÇ÷äð ` foreign land`; òãðªîÚð `sale` (Ç÷äð ` country`) (ªîÚð `purchase`) (17) çðÙðþ = `with`, `together with`, `altogether`, `good`: çðÙÙðòÃð `agreement`; çðÙÙð÷âðÐð `conference`; çðÙÙððÐð `honour, homage`; çðüÜêðÂð `protection`; çðüòãðÏððÐð `constitution`; çðüäðð÷ÏðÐð `amendment, correction`. (18) çðô = `good`, `easily`: çðô¨îÙðá `good work, merit`; çðôòäðòêðÃð `well-educated`; çðô¨îÜ `easy to do` (P); çðôâðØð `easy to obtain` (P); çðô±ðÙð `easy of access` (P). (19) ¡ÐÃðÜþ, ¡ÐÃð: = `inter-`: ¡ÐÃðÜðáæ¾àóÚð `international` ¡ÐÃð:ÑßðÐÃðóÚð `inter-provincial`; ¡ÐÃð¸ððáÃðóÚð `intercaste`. (20) ¨ôî = `bad`, `evil`: ¨ôî¨îÙðá `bad deed, evil act`; ¨ôîÝÑð `ugly` (P): ¨ôîµðªî `conspiracy`; ¨ôîòÇÐð `bad day, adversity`. (21) ÑðôÐðÜþ = `agaom`, `re-`: ÑðôÐðòãðáãððè `remarriage` ÑðôÐð¸ðáÐÙð `rebirth`; ÑðôÐðÝÃÆððÐð `renaissance`. (22) Ñßð¨þî = `pre-`: Ñßð±ðøòÃðèðòçð¨î `pre-historic`; Ñßð©¨îÆðÐð `foreword`; Ñßð±ãðøòǨî `pre-Vedic`; [¨îÆðÐð `say` (noun)] (23) çð = `with`, `together with`, `same`: çðÒîâð `fruitful, successful` (P); çð¸ðóãð `living, full of life` (P); çð¸ððÃðóÚð `of the same caste or community or kind` (P). (24) çðè = `with` together with`, `same`: çðè±ððÐð `chorus`; çðè¨îðÜ `co-operation`; çðè¨îðÜó `assistant`, çðèÑðð¿ó `class-fellow`. `co-operative` 4.Tadhava Prefixes (1) ¡, ¡Ððþ = `without`, `lacking`: ¡ÑðÁÿ, ¡ÐðÑðÁÿ `uneducated` (P); ¡¸ððÐð, ¡Ðð¸ððÐð `ignorant` ¡¾âð `definite; final,irrevocable` (P); (P); ¡Ðð¸ððÐð÷ `without knowing, unwittingly` (A); ¡Ððò±ðÐðÃð `innumerable` (P); ¡ÐðÙðð÷âð `invaluable` (P). (2) ¨ôî = `bad`, `evil`: ¨ôîµððâð `bad ways; misconduct`; ¨ôîÀðøâð `ugly` (P); (Àðøâð `form, shape`). (3) Çô = `bad`, `lacking`: Çô¨îðâð `bad time, famine`; Çô×ðâðð `weak, lean, without strength` (P). (4) òÐð = `lacking`, `without`: òÐð¨îÙÙðð `useless` (P); òÐðÀÜ `fearless` (P); òÐðèÃÆðð `unarmed` (P). (5) ò×ðÐð = `without`, `un........`: ò×ðÐð-×Úððèð `unmarried` (P): ò×ðÐð-¸ððÐð÷ without knowing` (archaic) (A). (6) ØðÜ = `ful`, `as much as possible`: ØðÜÑð÷¾ `bellyful, to heart`s content` (A); ØðÜçð¨î `as far as one can` (çð¨îÐðð `to be able to`) (A); ØðÜÑðõÜ `plentiful`. ØðÜ is really the Absolutive form of ØðÜÐðð (243) and means `filing, so as to fill`. In the above compounds, it has, however, been used as a prefix (cf 294-e and 295). Arabic and Persian Prefixes (1) ±ðøÜ = `without`, `against`, `foreign`; ±ðøÜèðò¸ðÜ `absent`; ±ðøÜçðܨîðÜó `unofficial`; ±ðøܨîðÐðõÐðó `illegal`. (2) Ððð = `without`: ÐððÑðçðÐÇ `unliked; unacceptable`; Ððð®ðôäð `displeased, angry`: ÐððÙðü¸ðõÜ `disallowed , rejected`. ÐððâððÚð¨î `unworthy`. (3) Ôîó = `per`: Òîó ¡ðÇÙðó `per head` (A); Òîó ÝÑðÚðð `per rupee` (A); Òîó çð÷Ü `per seer` (A). Òîó çðøü¨îÀÿð `per cent` (A). (4) âðð = `without`: âððÑðÜãððè `careless` (P); âðð¸ðãðð×ð `speechless; `incom parable` (P); (¸ðãðð×ð `reply`) âððÑðÃðð `untraceable, missing` (P); âððýâðð¸ð `incurable` (P). (5) ×ð÷ = without`: ×ð÷ýáÙððÐð `dishonest` (P); ×ð÷¸ððÐð `lifeless` (P); ×ð÷µððÜð `helpless` (P); ×ð÷èð÷äð `semse;ess` (P); ×ð÷ÜèÙð `merciless`)P); ×ð÷®ð¾¨÷î `fearlessly` (A). (6) èÜ = `every`: èÜ Üð÷¸ð `every day` (A); èÜ çððâð `every year` (A); èÜ ¦¨î `every one`; èÜ ×ððÜ `each time` (A). SUFFIXES 6. Suffixes are elements attached to a root, a Pronoun, an Adjectives etc. for forming related words. Some suffixes attached to a root make Nouns or Adjectives, e.g. âðÀÿðýá `fight` from âðÀÿÐðð `to fight`; ±ðãðøÚðð `singer` from ±ððÐðð `to sing`. Other suffixes attached to Nouns or Adjectives etc. form further Nouns or Adjectives: ×ðü±ððâðó `a Bengali` from ×ðü±ððâð `Bengal`; ×ðôÜðýá `badness` from ×ðôÜð `bad`; ÑÚððçðð `thirsty` from ÑÚððçð `thirst`. 7. There are thus two kinds of suffixes : (1) those attached to a root and forming Verbal Nouns and Adjectives and (2) those attached to a Noun or Adjective and forming Secondary Nouns or Adjectives. The first variety of suffixe, and the words formed by them are called ¨öîÇÐÃð, Primary Derivatives. The second variety of suffixes is called ÃðòÊÃð or Secondary Suffixes and the words formed by them are called ÃðòÊÃððÐÃð or Secondary Derivatives; The main Primary Suffixes of Hindi are as follows: The root itself is occasionally used as an Abstract Noun: ÙððÜ `beating` from ÙððÜÐðð `to beat`; ÇðøÀÿ `race, running` from Çð÷ÀÿÐðð `to run`; âðõ¾ `plunder` from âðõ¾Ððð `to rob, to plunder`; ®ð÷âð `play, sport` from ®ð÷âðÐðð `to play`. Sometimes the vowel of the roots is lengthened or modified: µððâð `gait or motion` from µðâðÐðð `to move`; ×ððÁÿ `flood, increase` from ×ðÁÿÐðð `to grow`; Ùð÷âð `harmony, friendship from òÙðâðÐðð `to meet`. -¡©¨îÀÿ = `doing something habitually or excessively`, forms Adjectives: Øðôâð©¨îÀÿ `forgetful` from ØðõâðÐðð `to forget`; òÑðÚð©¨îÀÿ `drunkard` from ÑðóÐðð `to drink`; ¨ôîÇ©¨îÀÿ `habitually jumping` from ¨õîÇÐðð `to jump`; ³ðôÙð©¨îÀÿ `wanderer` from ³ðõÙðÐðð `to wander`. Long vowel of a root is regularly shortened before - ¡©¨îÀÿ. -¡ð forms abstract, or agent, or action, or instrumental Nouns (Masc.) as well as past participles see :- (a) The Past Participle is formed by appending ¡ð to the root: