| ¶õ `touch`- | ¶õ¡ð `touched` |
| µðõ `leak`- | µðô¡ð `leaked` |
| Ñðó `drink`- | òÑðÚðð `drunk` |
| ¸ðó `live`- | ò¸ðÚðð `lived` |
(c) -Úð is similarly inserted in case of the roots ending in - ¡ð -¦ or - ¡ð÷. Thus -
| ¡ð `come` | ¡ðÚðð `come` |
| ®ðð `eat` | ®ððÚðð `eaten` |
| ®ð÷ `row` | ®ð÷Úðð `rowed` |
| ×ðð÷ `sow` | ×ðð÷Úðð `sown` |
| çðð÷ `sleep` | çðð÷ `slept` |
| ®ðð÷ `lose` | ®ðð÷Úðð `lost` |
(d) The following are exceptional forms:-
| èð÷ `be` - | èô¡ð `been` |
| ¨îÜ `do` - | ò¨Úðð `done` |
| ¸ðð `go` - | ±ðÚðð `gone` |
| âð÷ `take` - | òâðÚðð `taken` |
| Ç÷ `give` - | òÇÚðð `given` |
»ð±ðÀÿð `quarrel` from »ð±ðÀÿÐðð `to quarrel`;
¶ðÑðð `print` from ¶ðÑðÐðð `to print`;
³ð÷Üð `siege` from ³ð÷ÜÐðð `to surround`;
Øð¾¨îð `shock` from Øð¾¨îÐðð `to shake`;
Ùð÷âðð `fair` from òÙðâðÐðð `to meet`;
»ðõâðð `swing` (Noun) from »ðôâðÐðð `to swing`;
±ðü¿-¨î¾ð `pick-pocket` from ¨îð¾Ððð `to cut`;
òÙð¿-×ðð÷âðð `speaking sweetly` from ×ðð÷âðÐðð `to speak`.
Note the vowel-changes in Ùð÷âðð and ±ðü¿-¨î¾ð.
¡ðýá forms Abstract Nouns (Fem.) :
âðÀÿðýá `fight` from âðÀÿÐðð `to quarrel, to fight`;
ÑðÁÿðýá `study` from ÑðÁÿÐðð `to study, to learn`;
µðÁÿðýá `ascent` from µðÁÿÐðð `to ascend, to climb`;
¨îÙððýá `earning` from ¨îÙððÐðð `to earn`.
Some Nouns formed with ¡ðýá denote `cost` or `charges` for the work done:
Ïðôâððýá `washing chjarges` from ÏðôâððÐðð `to get washed`;
òâð®ððýá `writing changes, from òâð®ðÐðð `to write`.
clerkage`-¡ð¤ = `able`, `fit for`, `doing`, forms Adjectives:
ò×ð¨îð¤ `saleable` from ò×ð¨îÐðð `to sell` (intrans.);
ò¾¨îð¤ `durable` from ò¾¨îÐðð `to last`;
ò±ðÜð¤ `likely to from ò±ðÜÐðð `to fall`; collapse or fall`
¨îÙðð¤ `one who earns from ¨îÙððÐðð `to earn`; (much)»
®ðð¤ `voracious` from ®ððÐðð `to eat`. -¡ð¨î, -¡ð¨îð, -¡ð¨õî = `doing habitually, efficiently`, form Adjectives:
âðÀÿð¨îð `quarrelsome` from âðÀÿÐðð `to quarrel`;
ÃðøÜð¨î `a skilful swimmer` from ÃðøÜÐðð `to swim`;
£Àÿð¨î, `flying` from £ÀÿÐðð `to fly`.
£Àÿð¨õî
These Adjectives do not modify in the Feminine. -¡ðãð forms Abstract Nouns (Masc.) :
µðÁÿðãð `ascent` from µðÁÿÐðð `to ascend`;
×ðèðãð `flow` from ×ðèÐðð `to flow`;
³ðôÙððãð `bend, turn` from ³ðõÙðÐðð `to turn`;
×ðµððãð `protection` from ×ðµðÐðð `to escape, to avoid`. -¡ðÐð forms Abstract Nouns (Masc. or Fem.):
£ÀÿðÐð `flight` from £ÀÿðÐðð `to fly`;
£¿ðÐð `growth, rise` from £¿Ððð `to arise`;
òÙðâððÐð `comparison` from òÙðâðÐðð `to meet, to
tally`;
âð±ððÐð `tax` from âð±ðÐðð `to be levied`. -¡ðãð¾ forms Abstrac Nouns (Fem.):
òâð®ððãð¾ `writing` form òâð®ðÐðð `to write`;
×ðÐððãð¾ `make, fabrication` form ×ðÐðÐðð `to make`;
ݨîðãð¾ `obstruction` form Üð÷¨îÐðð `to stop`;
çð¸ððãð¾ `decortaion` form çð¸ððÐðð `todecorato`;
-¡ðãðð froms Abstract Nouns (Masc): ×ðôâððãðð `call` from ×ðôâððÐðð `to call`;
Øðôâððãðð `deceptnon` from ØðôâððÐðð `to farget
(`to cheat`);
ÑðèÐððãðð `dress` from ÑðèÐðÐðð `to put on`. -¡ðè¾ forms Abstract Nouns (Fem.) :
òµðââððè¾ `cry` from òµðââððÐðð `to cry`;
³ð×ðÜðè¾ `perturbation` from ³ð×ðÜðÐðð `to worry; to
`consternation` feel anxious`. -ýÚðâð `tending to, prove to`, `-ly` forms Adjectives:
çðòÀÿÚðâð `rotten, rotting from çðÀÿÐðð `to rot`;
ÙðòÜÚðâð `half-dead, sickly` from ÙðÜÐðð `to die`;
¡òÀÿÚðâð `obnstinate` from ¡ÀÿÐðð `to be obstinate,
to stick`. -ýá forms Abstract Nouns (Feminine):
èûçðó `laughter, joke` from èûçðÐðð `to laugh`;
×ðð÷âðó `speech, dialect` from ×ðð÷âðÐðð `to speak`;
³ðôÀÿ¨îó `rebuke` from ³ðôÀÿ¨îÐðð `to rebuke`. -¦Üð forms Abstract or Agent Nouns (Adjectives):
¨îÙð÷Üð `earning` from ¨îÙððÐðð `to earn`;
âðô¾÷Üð `robber` from âðõ¾Ððð `to rob`;
×ðçð÷Üð `lodging, roost` from ×ðçððÐðð `to dwell`. -Ãð forms Abstract Nouns (Feminine):
×ðµðÃð `saving` from ×ðµðÐðð `to escape, be saved`;
®ðÑðÃð `consumption, sale` from ®ðÑðÐðð `to sell` (intrans). -Ãðó forms Abstract Nouns (Feminine):
×ðÁÿÃðó `growth, increase` from ×ðÁÿÐðð `to grow`;
ò±ðÐðÃðó `counting` from ò±ðÐðÐðð `to count`;
ØðÜÃðó `filling, recruitment` from ØðÜÐðð `to fill`. -Ðð forms Abstract Nouns (Masc. or Fem.):
µðâðÐð `conduct` from µðâðÐðð `to move`;
Ùðôçð¨îðÐð `smile` from Ùðôçð¨îðÐðð `to smile`. -Ððð forms Infinitives (see section III, chapter X): -ãððâðð .