Способы письма в алфавите языка хинди (стр. 56 из 60)
In many cases, however, genders of Tatsama words have been altered by Hindi usage under the influence of their forms, or on the analogy of a Hindi synonym. Thus ¡ðÃÙðð `soul` (¡ðÃÙðÐðþ) and ÙðòèÙðð `greatness` (ÙðòèÙðÐðþ) are Masculine in Sanskrit, but Feminine in Hindi, presumably because of the final ¡ð of these words- which is frequently met with in Tatsama Feminine Nouns (like çðôÃðð `daughter, `ÇÚðð `mercy`, ÑßØðð `lustre`, ¡¸ðð `she-goat` etc). ãÚðò©Ãð `an individual, a person`, is Feminine in Sanskrit, but Masculine in Hindi because `person` is also denoted by ¡ðÇÙðó and ÙðÐðôæÚð which are Masculine. ¡ò±Ðð `fire` is Masculine in Sanskrit, but Feminine in Hindi, because of the final -ý [cf. (f) above]. ÑðôçÃð¨î `book`, similarly, is Neuter in Sanskrit, but Feminine in Hindi because its synonym Ñðð÷Æðó (derived from Sanskrit ÑðôòçÃð¨îð Fem). is Feminine.
Formation of Feminine Nouns
(a) Words ending in the inherent -¡ or in -¡ð form their Feminine by replacing -or in -¡ð -by -ýá:
| ¨ôîÄðð `dog` | ¨ôîòÃðÚðð `bitch` |
| ×ðôÀþÁÿð `old man` | ×ðôòÁÿÚðð `old woman` |
| ×ð÷¾ð `son` | ò×ðò¾Úðð `young daughter` |
| µðõèð `rat` | µðõòèÚðð `she-rat` |
| Çðçð `servant` | Çðçðó `maid-servant` |
| Ñðôëð `son` | Ñðôëðó `daughter` |
| çðôÐÇÜ `beautiful` | çðôÐÇÜó `a beautiful woman` |
| ×ð÷¾ð `boy` | ×ð÷¾ó `girl` |
| ³ðð÷Àÿð `horse` | ³ðð÷Àÿó `mare` |
| ×ð¨îÜð `he-goat` | ×ð¨îÜó `she-goat` |
| ÐððÐðð `maternal grandfather` | ÐððÐðó `maternal grandmother` |
| ¨îð¨îð `uncle` | ¨îð¨îó `aunt` |
(b) Some Nouns ending in - ¡ð, however, form their Feminine (Diminutive) by replacing - ¡ð by - ýÚðð:
| ¨ôîÄðð `dog` | ¨ôîòÃðÚðð `bitch` |
| ×ðôÀþÁÿð `old man` | ×ðôòÁÿÚðð `old woman` |
| ×ð÷¾ð `son` | ò×ðò¾Úðð `young daughter` |
| µðõèð `rat` | µðõòèÚðð `she-rat` |
Notice that the conjunct consonants in ×ðôÀþÁÿð and ¨ôîÄðð have been simplifed and that the loong vowels in ×ð÷¾ð and µðõèð replaced by the corresponding short ones. Some Masculine Nouns denoting occupation form their Feminine by replacing the final vowel
by -ýÐð: A few other Nouns also form their Feminine by addomg -ýÐð:
| ×ðð³ð `tiger` | ×ððò³ðÐð `tigress` |
| çððûÑð `snake` | çððûòÑðÐð `snake` (feminine) |
| ÐððÃðó `grandson` | ÐððòÃðÐð `grand-daughter` |
| Ùððòâð¨î `master` | Ùððâðò¨îÐð `mistress` |
Some Nouns form their Feminine by adding -Ððó:
| ¤û¾ `camel` | ¤û¾Ððó `camel` (feminine) |
| Ùðð÷Ü `peacock` | Ùðð÷ÜÐðó `peahen` |
| äð÷Ü `lion` | äð÷ÜÐðó `lioness` |
Some Nouns add - ¡ðÐðó:
| Ðððø¨îÜ `servant` | Ðððø¨îÜðÐðó `maid-servant` |
| çð÷¿ `merchant` | çð÷¿ðÐðó `merchant`s wife` |
| Ùð÷èÃðÜ `sweeper` | Ùð÷èÃðÜðÐðó `sweeper`s wife` |
Nouns denoting class or rank form their Feminine by adding - ¡ðýáÐð:
| ¿ð¨ôîÜ `landlord` | ¿¨ôîÜðýÐð `thakur`s wife` (with vowel- shortening) |
| âððâðð `merchant` | âðâððýÐð `merchant`s wife` (with vowel shortening) |
| ÑðòÂÀÃð `scholar` | ÑðòÂÀÃððýÐð `pandit`s wife` (also ÑðòÂÀÃððÐðó) |
Some Nouns have altogether different words as their Feminine:
| ÑðôÝæð `man` | çëðó `woman` |
| ÙðÇá `man, male` | ¡ðøÜÃð `woman` |
| Øððýá `brother` | ×ðòèÐð `sister` |
| ×ððÑð `father` | Ùððû `mother` |
| òÑðÃðð `father` | ÙððÃðð `mother` |
| ×ðøâð `bullock` | ±ððÚð `cow` |
Sometimes Masculine Nouns ae formed from Feminine Nouns by adding various suffixes:
| Øðøçð `she-buffalo` | Øðøüçðð `he-buffalo` |
| ÜðûÀ `widow` | ÜüÀô¡ð `widower` |
| ÐðÐðÇ `husband`s sister` | ÐðÐðÇð÷ýá `nanad`s husband` |
| ×ðèÐð `sister` | ×ðèÐðð÷ýá `sister`s husband` |
| Ùððøçðó `aunt, mother`s sister` | Ùððøçðð `aunt`s husband` |
| APPENDIX III | |||
| | Two or more Hindi words can be combined into one and thus form a compound. The `combining` is, in the main, effected by dropping the case-sings, post-positions, conjunctions, or other words, which denote the relation between the constituent words, which denote the relation between the constituent words of a compound. Thus - | ||
In forming some compounds, however, there is no occasion to drop a connecting word, since none exists. Such, especially is the case when a Prefix or an Adjective is combined with a Noun(to form a Determinative Compound). Thus-
| çðô + ¸ðÐð = | çðô¸ðÐð | `a good man` |
| ÚðÆðð + äðò©Ãð = | ÚðÆððäðò©Ãð | `according to ability` |
| Ððóâð + ¨îÙðâð = | Ððóâð¨îÙðâð | `a blue-lotus` |
(a) The components of a compound occasionally shorten(or modify) their long vowels. This happens usually to the first component, but sometimes also to the second, or to both. In some cases, a suffix(-¡ð, -ýá. etc.) is also attached to the last member(see :- The same Compound can be a Determinative, or a Possessive, according as the first member qualifies(``determines``) the second member, or as the Compound as a whole qualifies another Noun (outside the Compound). Thus, the compound µðÐÍÙðô®ð, `when it signifies a `moonlike face`, is a Determinative; but when it signifies `moon-faced`, `having a moonlike face`, it is Possessive. Similarly, ¡¸ððÐð or ¡Ðð¸ððÐð may mean either `lack of knowledge, ignorance, inadvertance`, in wchich case, it is a Possive.
Such Compounds, however, are only rarely met with in Hindi and there is a general tendency to avoid the possible confusion in meaning by marking, with some suffix like -¡ð or ýá(App. iii, 3-a). Such Possessive Compounds, as may otherwise, be interpreted as Determinatives. Thus-
| ¡ìððÐð `ignorance` | but | ¡ìððÐðó `ignorant; ( ¡ìððÐð can mean `ignorant`) |
| ×ðÐðãððçð `residence` | but | ×ðÐðãððçðó `living or(×ðÐðãððçð can resident in a forest`. mean `residence in a forest`) |
| ¡Øðð±ð `misfortune` | but | ¡Øðð±ðð `unfortunate` etc. |
Thus-
| èÆð¨îÀÿó `handcuffs` | from | èðÆð (hand) + ¨îÀÿó(ring) |
| ³ðôÀÿçðãððÜ (horse) rider` | from | ³ðð÷Àÿð (horse) + çðãððÜ(rider) |
| ×ððÜèòüçð±ðð `stag` | from | ×ððÜè (twelve) + çðóü±ð(horn) |
| ¨îÑðÀÿ¶Ðð `cloth-filtering` | from | ¨îÑðÀÿð (cloth) + ¶ðÐð(filter-sift) |
The numerals ¦¨î, Çð÷, òÃðÐð, µððÜ, Ñððûµð, ¶è çððÃð and ¡ð¿, as first members of a compound, are usually modified to ý¨î, Çô-, òÃð(or òÃðÜ-), µððø-, Ñðüµð or(Ñðµð-), ¶-, çðÃð-, and ¡¿- Thus-
| ý¨îÐÐðó `one-anna piece` | from | ¦¨î+¡ðÐðð (anna) |
| ÇôÐððâðó `double-barrelled (gun) | from | Çð÷+Ðððâð (barrel) |
| òÃð¨îð÷Ððð `triangular` | from | ÃðóÐð+¨îð÷Ððð (angle) |
| µððø¨îð÷Ü `four-cornered` | from | from µððÜ+¨îð÷Ü (edge, and, angle etc.) |
These modified forms(except Çô-) can be seen in the numerals:
| ¦¨îçð¿ | (¦¨î+çðð¿, sixty-one) |
| ý¨îèÄðÜ | (¦¨î + çðÄðÜ seventy-one, with çðÄðÜ modified to èÄðÜ) |
| òÃðÜèÄðÜ | (ÃðóÐð + çðÄðÜ, seventy-three) |
| òÃðÜðçðó | (ÃðóÐð + ¡ççðó, eighty-three) |
| µððø×ðóçð | (µððÜ + ×ðóçð, twenty-four) |
| µððøèÄðÜ | ( µððÜ + çðÄðÜ, seventy-four) |
| ÑðµðèÄðÜ | (Ñððüµð + çðÄðÜ, seventy-five) |
| ¶××ðóçð | (¶è + ×ðóçð, twenty-six) |
| çðÃðèÄðÜ | (çððÃð + çðÄðÜ, seventy-seven) |
| ¡¿ðçðó | (¡ð¿ + ¡ççðó, eighty-eight) |
All the numerals above ten(except those for 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90) are, of course, compounds (5 below).
The compounds can be divided into three main classes:-
| (1) Co-ordinative |
| (2) Determinative |
| (3) Possessive |
Of these, the Determinative Compounds are further sub-divided into:-