| (a) Dependent |
| (b) Descriptive |
| (c) Adverbial |
The Hindi(or Sanskrit) names for these are as follows:-
(1) Co-ordinative ÎÐÎ
(2) (a) Dependent Determinative ÃðÃÑðôÝæð
(b) Descriptive Determinative ¨îÙðáÏððÜÚð (with a sub-variety òαðô)
(c) Adverbial Determinative ¡ãÚðÚðóØððãð
(3) Possessive òü×ß×ßóòè
Co-ordinative Compounds
Co-ordinative(ÎÐÎ) Compounds consist of two(or more) Nouns, Adjectives, or Advebs, which are connected by ¡ðøÜ `and` or by Úðð `or`. The Compounds thus formed have, naturally, the Plural Number but also the Singular when Collective sense is intended.
Two(or more) Nouns-
| ÜðÙð ¡ðøÜ çðóÃðð = | ÜðÙð-çðóÃðð | `Ram and Sita` |
| Ùððû ¡ðøÜ ×ððÑð = | Ùððû-×ððÑð | `mother and father, parents` |
| èðÆð ¡ðøÜ ÑðøÜ = | èðÆð-ÑðøÜ | `hands and feet` |
| çðô®ð ¡ðøÜ Çô:®ð = | çðô®ð-Çô®ð | `pleasure and pain` |
| ÜðÙð, âðêÙðÂð ¡ðøÜ ØðÜÃð = | ÜðÙð-âðêÙðÂð-ØðÜÃð | `Ram, Laksman and Bharat`; |
Sometimes the two Nouns are more or lees synonymous with each other:-
| ÙððÜ ¡ðøÜ Ñðó¾ = | ÙððÜ-Ñðó¾ | `bething and thrashing`; |
| µðÙð¨î ¡ðøÜ ÇÙð¨î = | µðÙð¨î-ÇÙð¨î | `shine and brilliance` |
| ¨îðÙð ¡ðøÜ ¨îð¸ð = | ¨îðÙð-¨îð¸ð | `work and duty` |
| ×ððâð ¡ðøÜ ×ðµµðð = | ×ððâð-×ðµµðð | `boy and child, issue, children` |
Two Adjective(or numerals)-
| Øðâðð ¡ðøÜ ×ðôÜð = | Øðâðð-×ðôÜð | `good and bad`; [plural and oblique form(Øðâð÷×ðôÜ÷)ÿÿÿ] |
| ×ðÀÿð ¡ðøÜ ¶ð÷¾ð = | ×ðÀÿð-µðð÷¾ð | `big and small` [(do, (Øðâð÷-×ðôÜ÷)] |
| ¤ûµðð ¡ðøÜ Ððóµðð = | ¤ûµðð-Ððóµðð | `high and low`;(used as a Noun in the Singular). `pros and cons` |
| µðÜ ¡ðøÜ ¡µðÜ = | µðÜðµðÜ | `movable` and immovable`; [49(a)(1)] or animate andin animate` |
| Çð÷ Úðð ÃðóÐð = | Çð÷-ÃðóÐð | `two or three` |
| Ççð Úðð Ñððûµð = | Ççð Ñððûµð | `ten or five` `some ten``a few, |
See:- Certain pairs of numerals also denote approximation :
Çð÷-¦¨î `one or two`, Çð÷-ÃðóÐð, ÃðóÐð-µððÜ, µððÜ-Ñððûµð, Ñððûµð-¶: etc.
Ççð -Ñððüµð, Ççð-×ðóçð, Ççð-ÑðÐ͸ð, ×ðóçð-Ñðµµðóçð, ×ðóçð-Ãðóçð, Ãðóçð-ÑðøüÃðóçð, Ãðóçð-µððâðóçð-ÑðøüÃððâðóçð, µððâðóçð-Ñðµððçð, Ñðµððçð-ÑðµðÑðÐð, Ñðµððçð-çðð¿.
çððø-çðãðð-çððø, çððø-À÷Áÿ çððø, çððø-Çð÷ çððø, Çð÷ Áðýá çððø, Çð÷-ÃðóÐð çððø.
All the numerals above ten(except those for 20, 30, 40 etc.) are Co-ordinative Compounds, with considerable modifications of the original forms of the components. Thus:-
| µððÜ ¡ðøÜ ×ðóçð = | µððø×ðóçð | `twenty-four` |
| ¦¨î ¡ðøÜ Ãðóçð = | ý¨îÄðóçð | `thirty-one` etc |
See :The numerals ¦¨î, Çð÷, òÃðÐð, µððÜ, Ñððûµð, ¶è çððÃð and ¡ð¿, as first members of a compound, are usually modified to ý¨î, Çô-, òÃð(or òÃðÜ-), µððø-, Ñðüµð or(Ñðµð-), ¶-, çðÃð-, and ¡¿- Thus-
| ý¨îÐÐðó `one-anna piece` | from | ¦¨î+¡ðÐðð (anna) |
| ÇôÐððâðó `double-barrelled (gun) | from | Çð÷+Ðððâð (barrel) |
| òÃð¨îð÷Ððð `triangular` | from | ÃðóÐð+¨îð÷Ððð (angle) |
| µððø¨îð÷Ü `four-cornered` | from | from µððÜ+¨îð÷Ü (edge, and, angle etc.) |
These modified forms(except Çô-) can be seen in the numerals:
| ¦¨îçð¿ | (¦¨î+çðð¿, sixty-one) |
| ý¨îèÄðÜ | (¦¨î + çðÄðÜ seventy-one, with çðÄðÜ modified to èÄðÜ) |
| òÃðÜèÄðÜ | (ÃðóÐð + çðÄðÜ, seventy-three) |
| òÃðÜðçðó | (ÃðóÐð + ¡ççðó, eighty-three) |
| µððø×ðóçð | (µððÜ + ×ðóçð, twenty-four) |
| µððøèÄðÜ | ( µððÜ + çðÄðÜ, seventy-four) |
| ÑðµðèÄðÜ | (Ñððüµð + çðÄðÜ, seventy-five) |
| ¶××ðóçð | (¶è + ×ðóçð, twenty-six) |
| çðÃðèÄðÜ | (çððÃð + çðÄðÜ, seventy-seven) |
| ¡¿ðçðó | (¡ð¿ + ¡ççðó, eighty-eight) |
Two Adverbs(or adverbially) used words)-
| ÜðÃð ¡ðøÜ òÇÐð = | ÜðÃð-òÇÐð | `by day and night` |
| µðâðÃð ¡ðøÜ(Úðð) òÒîÜÃð÷ = | µðâðÃð÷ òÒîÜÃð | `while moving and (or) wandering` |
| £¿Ãð÷ ¡ðøÜ(Úðð) ×ðø¿Ãð÷ = | £¿Ãð÷-×ðø¿Ãð | `while rising and (or) sitting`(24-1-c) |
Sometimes the same Adverb(or adverbially used word) is repeated(with an intensification of the meaning):
| Ñððçð-Ñððçð | `close-togethher, side by side` |
| ÏðóÜ÷-ÏðóÜ÷ | `slowly, by degrees` |
| ¡ð±ð÷-¡ð±ð | `in front, leading` |
| Ñðó¶÷-Ñðó¶÷ | `behind, at the back, following` |
| ³ðÜ-³ðÜ | `in every house` |
| Ñðâð-Ñðâð | `every moment` |
| ¨îØðó-¨îØðó | `sometimes`(285-c) |
| ¨îèóü-¨îèóü | `at some places`(285-e)or such(repetitive) Compounds |
| ¨îð÷ýá-¨îð÷ýá | `some, a few`(118-7) |
| ¨ôî¶-¨ôî¶ | `a little`(118-16) |
Occasionally, the first component of such(repetitive) Compounds attaches an(¡ð÷ü), when the meaning is variously modified.:
| ×ðóµðð÷ü×ðóµð | `right in the middle or centre` (×ðóµð `middle`) |
| òÇÐðð÷üòÇÐð | `day by day`, (òÇÐð `day`) |
| ÜðÃðð÷üÜðÃð | `within the very night`(ÜðÃð `night`) |
| èðÆðð÷üèðÆð | `right in the hands`, `quickly`(èðÆð `hand`) |
| Ñðèâð÷-Ñðèâð | `for the first time` has a special form(form Ñðèâðð first). |
| ¡ðÑð-èó-¡ðÑð | `aside` or `spontaneously`; [118-(3), and 287(g)] |
| ÙðÐð-èó-ÙðÐð | `in one`s mind` |
| Ñððçð-èó-Ñððçð | `(only) close together` |
| çððÆð-èó-çððÆð | `(only) together` |
In a few cases, the case-sign çð÷ (98) is placed between the two repeated words:
| ¡ðÑð-çð÷-¡ðÑð | `automatically, spontaneously` [118-(2), and 287(h)] |
| ¨îÙð-çð÷-¨îÙð | `at least`(¨îÙð less` 289) |
| ¡òÏð¨î-çð÷-¡òÏð¨î | `at the most` (¡òÏð¨î `more`) |
| çððÆð-èó-çððÆð | `(only) together` |
Repetitive Compounds of indefinite Pronouns, and of Adverbs formed from them are made by placing the Negative particle Ðð between the two words. These Compounds have a pronounced indefinite force:-
| ¨îð÷ýá-Ðð-¨îð÷ýá | `somebody or other`(118-10) |
| ¨ôî¶-Ðð-¨ôî¶ | `something or other` (118-12) |
| ¨îØðó-Ðð-¨îØðó | `something or other`(285-c) |
| ¨îèóü-Ðð-¨îèóü | `somewhere or other` (285-e) |
II - Determinative Compounds
Determinative Compounds are characterised by the `determining` or, in some way, qualifying of the second member by the first member. These, as already noted, are of three kinds-Dependent, Descriptive and Adverbial.
II(a) Dependent Determinatives
In a Dependent Determinative(ÃðÃÑðôÝæð), the first member is dependent on the second, functioning as an attribute (not as an Adjective) of the latter. In the pre-compound form, the first member is always in the Oblique form. Thus-
| èðÆð ¨÷î òâ𦠨îÀÿó (a ring for the hand) = | èÆð¨îÀÿó `handcuffs` (App: iii 3-a) |
| ³ðð÷Àÿ÷(¨îð) ÑðÜ çðãððÜ (a rider of(on) horse) = | ³ðôÀÿçðãððÜ `(horse) rider` App.iii, 3-a) |
| Üðæ¾à ¨îð òÑðÃðð (the father of the nation) = | Üðæ¾àòÑðÃðð |
| Ç÷äð ¨îó Øðò©Ãð (devotion for the country) = | Ç÷äðØðò©Ãð `patriotism` |
| ÑðôçÃð¨îð÷ü ¨îð ¡ðâðÚð (the house of books) = | ÑðôçÃð¨îðâðÚð `library` (49-a-I) |
Some dependent Determinatives have for their second member a Verbal derivative [App. i 7(a)ÿ] which is not used independently, (These are called £ÑðÑðÇ ÃðÃÑðôÝæð). Thus-