Способы письма в алфавите языка хинди (стр. 58 из 60)

±ßÐÆð¨îðÜ `author, writer`	from	`±ßÐÆð `work, book` + ¨îÜÐðð `to make`
³ðôÀÿµðÁÿð `rider`	from	³ðð÷Àÿð `horse` + µðÁÿÐðð `to ride` (App. iii 3-a)
òµðÀÿóÙððÜ `fowler`	from	òµðòÀÿÚðð `bird, fowl` + ÙððÜÐðð `to kill
ò±ðÜè¨î¾ `pick-pocket`	from	ò±ðÜè `knot; purse` + ¨îð¾Ððð `to cut-`

II(b) Descriptive Determinatives

In Descriptive Determinative(¨îÙðáÏððÜÚð) Compounds, the first member describes the second. The first member, thus, is an Adjective or a word used as an Adjective). Thus-

Ððóâð+¨îÙðâð =	Ððóâð¨îÙðâð	`blue-lotus`
Øðâðð+ÙððÐðçð =	ØðâððÙððÐðçð	`good man` `a gentleman`
çðÃðþ + ±ðôÂð =	çðÇþ±ðôÂð	`good-qualities`(49-b-2)
çððÁÿ÷ + ÃðóÐð =	çððÁÿ÷ÃðóÐð	`three-and a half (147)

If the `first` member is a numeral, a Descriprive Determinative is usually treated as a collective Noun, and is calledòαðô :-

òëð+ØðôãðÐð =	`the three worlds` (collectively)
òëð + ¨îðâð =	òëð¨îðâð `the three times`(past, present and future collectively)»

The components sometimes modify their form:-

Ñððûµð +çð÷Ü =	Ñðüçð÷Üó `five-seers`
Çð÷ + ¡ðÐðð =	Çô¡ÐÐðó `two-anna bit`(App. iii, 3-b)

A Descriptive Determinative sometimes signifies comparison between the two members:-

³ðÐð `cloud` + äÚððÙð `dark` =	³ðÐðäÚððÙð `dark like a cloud`
ÑßðÂð `life` + òÑßÚð `dear` =	ÑßðÂðòÑßÚð `dear like life`
µðÜÂð `foot` + ¨îÙðâð `lotus` =	µðÜÂð¨îÙðâð `lotus like foot`
µðÐÍ `moon` + Ùðô®ð `face` =	µðÐÍÙðô®ð `moon-like face`

A large number of Descriptive Determinative Compounds are formed with the help of prefixes. These have already been illustrated under the discussion on Prefixes(Appendix I). Thus-

¡ÐÚððÚð `injustice`

¡ãð±ðôÂð `defect, fault`

çðè±ððÐð `chorus`, etc.

III(c) Adverbial Determinatives

Some prefixes form Compounds which are used as Adverbs. Such Compounds are called Adverbial Determinatives (¡ãÚðÚðóØððãð). These have already been illustrated under the discussion on Prefixes(Appendix I). Thus

ÑßòÃðòÇÐð `every day, daily`	¡ð¸ðÐÙð `for life`
¡Ðð¸ððÐð÷ or ò×ðÐð ¸ððÐð÷ `without knowing, unwittingly`	ØðÜçð¨î `to the best of one`s ability
èÜçððâð `every year` etc.

In some Adverbial Compounds, the first member is an Adverb used as a Prefix. Thus -

ÚðÆððäðò©Ãð `as far as one can`	(äðò©Ãð `ability, power`)
ÚðÆððçðüØðãð `as far as possible`	( çðüØðãð `possible`)(ÚðÆðð `as, in which manner`)

Note: The name `Adverbial Compound` is restricted to the variety discussed above. Compounds of Adverbs, discussed in App. iii, 5(c) -(g), are `Co-ordinative`.

III Possessive Compounds

A. Possessive Compound(×ðèôãßóòè) is always adjectival in nature, referring to a person or thing not denoted, severally, by either of the members of the Compound. Thus -

×ððÜè(Twelve) + çðóü±ð (horn)=	×ððÜèòüçð±ðð `the twelve-horned (animal) stag`
èûçð(smile) + Ùðô®ð (face) =	èûçðÙðô®ð `(a person) having a smiling face`
µðÐÍ(moon) + Ùðô®ð (face) =	µðÐÍÙðô®ðó(fem.) `(a woman) having a moon-like face`
Çð÷(two) + Ùðüò¸ðâð (storey) =	Çð÷ Ùðüò¸ðâðð(or ÇôÙðüò¸ðâðð) `two-storeyed(house)»

Possessive Compounds, as well as Determinative Compounds, can be formed with the help of Prefixes. These have already been illustrated under the discussion on Prefixes.(Appendix I). Thus-

¡¨îâðü¨î `spotless`

ÐððòÇ `without beginnig`(adj.)

¡ÑðÞÑð `formless`

¨ôîÞÑð `ugly`

òÐðÀÜ `fearless`

×ð÷¸ððÐð `lifeless`, etc

The same Compound can be a Determinative, or a Possessive, according as the first member qualifies(``determines``) the second member, or as the Compound as a whole qualifies another Noun (outside the Compound). Thus, the compound µðÐÍÙðô®ð, `when it signifies a `moonlike face`, is a Determinative; but when it signifies `moon-faced`, `having a moonlike face`, it is Possessive. Similarly, ¡¸ððÐð or ¡Ðð¸ððÐð may mean either `lack of knowledge, ignorance, inadvertance`, in wchich case, it is a Possive.

Such Compounds, however, are only rarely met with in Hindi and there is a general tendency to avoid the possible confusion in meaning by marking, with some suffix like -¡ð or ýá(App. iii, 3-a). Such Possessive Compounds, as may otherwise, be interpreted as Determinatives. Thus-

¡ìððÐð `ignorance`	but	¡ìððÐðó `ignorant; ( ¡ìððÐð can mean `ignorant`)
×ðÐðãððçð `residence`	but	×ðÐðãððçðó `living or(×ðÐðãððçð can resident in a forest`. mean `residence in a forest`)
¡Øðð±ð `misfortune`	but	¡Øðð±ðð `unfortunate` etc.

APPENDIX IV

Marks of Punctuation

(a) Hindi has the same marks of Punctuation as English, except that for the Full Stop (.) marking the end of a sentence, a vertical stroke (/) is used. However, after initials and abbreviated words, the Full Stop is either etained, or replaced by a cipher (.).

Thus, Ùðø ãðèðû ±ðÚðð Æðð |; Ððð. Ñß. = ÐððÜðÚðÂðÑßçððÇ

¦Ùð. ¦. = M. A.
¦Ùð. ¦âð. ¦. = M. L. A.
Àð. or Àðû. = Dr.
Ñðü. or Ñðü. = ÑðüòÀÃð
ò¸ð. or ò¸ð. = ò¸ðâðð

(b) The vertical stroke is also used for marking the end of the first hemistish (half-verse). For marking the end of the verse itself, two vertical strokes may be used. In case the verses are numbered, the number is placed between two double strokes at the end. Thus-

òÇãðçð ¨îð ¡ãðçððÐð çðÙðóÑð Æðð
±ð±ðÐð Æðð ¨ôî¶ âðð÷òèÃð èð÷ µðâðð |
ÃðÝ-òäðâðð ÑðÜ Æðó ¡×ð Üð¸ðÃðó
¨îÙððòâðÐðó-¨ôîâð-ãðââðØð ¨îó Ñ߸ðð || (or || 1||)

Some modern writers prefer the Full Stop to the cipher as well as to the vertical stroke, thus adopting the English usage in full. The rest of the punctuation-marks, viz., comma, semi-colon. colon, dash, hyphen, single and double inverted commas, apostrophe and brackets, are used as in English. However, the colon (:) is usually avoided, lest it should be confused with the visarga sign (2-e).

Day of the Week etc.

the days of the week are name as follows:-

ýÃðãððÜ or ÜòãðãððÜ	Sunday
çðð÷ÙðãððÜ	Monday
Ùðü±ðâð (ãððÜ)	Tuesday
×ðôÏð (ãððÜ)	Wednesday
±ðôÝãððÜ or ×ðöèçÑðòÃð (ãððÜ)	Thursday
äðôªî (ãððÜ)	Friday
äðòÐðãððÜ or äðÐðóµðÜ or äðòÐðäµðÜ	Saturday

The months of the year are namded as follows:-

Sanskrit:- µðøëð, ãðøäðð®ð, ¸ð÷æ¿, ¡ðæððÁ åðãðÂð, ØððÍÑðÇ, ¡ðòäãðÐð,¨îðòÃðá¨î ¡ð±ßèðÚðÂð or Ùðð±ðáäðóæðá, Ñððøæð, Ùðð³ð, Òîðâ±ðôÐð.

Hindi:- µðøÃð, ×ðøçðð®ð, ¸ð÷¿, ¡ðæððÁÿ, çððãðÐð, ØððÇð÷ü, ©ãððÜ, ¨îðòÃð¨î, ¡±ðèÐð, Ñðõçð, Ùðð³ð.Òîð±ðôÐð.

The era prevalent amongst the Hindi-speaking people is that of King Vikrama (CalleòãðªîÙð çððãðüÃð) which differs form the Chirstian era by +57 years. The new year begins on the 16th day of µðøëð. (a) The unit of weight is çð÷Ü, `seer` which is divided into sixteen parts called ¶¾ðû¨î. is a Ñððãð. Forty seers equals one ÙðÐð `maund`. A seer is appoximately two pounds.

(b) For weighing gold, silver etc., as well as medicines, the following weights are used:-

eight ®ðçð®ðçð = one µððãðâð
eight µððãðâð = one ÜÃðó
eight ÜÃðó = one Ùððäðð
twelve Ùððäðð = one Ãðð÷âð
five Ãðð÷âð = one ¶¾ðû¨î.

The unit for linear measurement is ±ð¸ð = `yard` which (apart from being divided into feet and inches) is divided into sixteen parts called ò±ðÜè (literally `knot` or `joint`)