Способы письма в алфавите языка хинди (стр. 59 из 60)

Half a ±ð¸ð = a èðÆð `hand`, aad half a èðÆð = a ×ððòâðäÃð or ×ððâððüÇ `span (9 inches`).

A ò±ðÜè (1/16 yard) is divided into twentyfour parts called ¸ððø `barley grains`; eight ¸ððø makes an ¡ü±ðôâð `finger`.

Areas are measured (besiedes in square yard, feet and inches) in ×ðó³ðð, ò×ðçðãðð (or ò×ðçãðð) and ò×ðçðãððüçðó (or ò×ðçãððüçðó);

20 ò×ðçðãððüçðó = one ò×ðçðãðð,
20 ò×ðçðãðð = one ×ðó³ðð

31/40 ×ðó³ðð = one ¦«Àÿ
A ×ðó³ðð = 14,400 square feet.

Time is measured (besides in hours, minutes and seconds) in ÑðèÜ, ³ðÀÿó, Ñðâð and ¡êðÜ.

A ÑðèÜ (Sanskrit ÑðèÜ) is 1/8 of day + night, i.e. 3 hours.

A ³ðÀÿó is 1/60 of day + night, i.e. 24 minutes, and is itself divied into 60 parts which are called Ñðâð Each Ñðâð is also divided into 60 parts which are called ¡êðÜ. Thus-

an ¡êðÜ = 24/60 (=2/5) seconds,
a Ñðâð = 60 ¡êðÜ = 24 seconds,
a ³ðÀÿó = 60 Ñðâð = 24 minutes,

a day+ night = 60 ³ðÀÿó = 24 hours.

All astronomical calculations are still made with the help of the above division of time.

Note: 6 to 8 are now obsolete India has since switched over to the metric system of weights and measures and follows decimal system of currency. However, the old system has been mentioned hrer of information only.

APPENDIX V

Vowels :

¡	¡ð	ý	ý	£	¤	¥	âðö
¦	¦	¡ð÷	¡ðø	¡ü	¡:

Matras :

ð÷

ðø

Consonants :

¨î	®ð	±ð	³ð	Àÿ
µð	¶	¸ð	»ð	½ð
¾	¿	À	Á	Âð
Ãð	Æð	Ç	Ïð	Ðð
Ñð	Òî	×ð	Øð	Ùð
Úð	Ü	âð	ãð
äð	æð	çð	è	Àÿ	Áÿ
êð	ìð	å

Figures:

Explanations:

The long vowel ¥ is no longer in vogue in Hindi, it has, therefore, not been included in the list of vowels. Conjunct letters: Consonants with verrical line (®ðÀÿó Ñððýá) :

®ð ±ð ³ð µð ¸ð »ð ½ð Âð Ãð Æð Ïð Ðð

Ñð ×ð Øð Ùð Úð âð ãð äð æð êð ìð

Conjunct letters, in case of these consonants, should be formed by removing the vertical line, e.g.

®ÚððòÃð, âð±Ðð, òãð³Ðð, ¨îµµðð, ¶¸¸ðð, ãÚð½¸ðÐð, Ðð±ðÂÚð, ¨ôîÃÃðð, Ñð³Úð, ÏãðòÐð, ÐÚððçð, ÑÚððçð, òÀ××ðð, çðØÚð, ÜÙÚð, äðÚÚðð, £ââð÷®ð, ãÚððçð, äâðð÷¨î, Üðæ¾àóÚð, çãðó¨öîÃð, ÚðêÙðð |

Other consonants: The present form of the conjunct ¨î and Òî should continue, e.g. çðüÚðô©Ãð, Ñð©¨îð, ÇÓÃðÜ

(not as çðüÚðô©Ãð, Ñð©¨îð, ÇÓÃðÜ)

The conjunct forms of ´ ¶ ¾ ¿ À Á and Ç should be made by adding the èâðþ symbol ( þ) , e.g. ãðð´ÙðÚð âð¾þ¾õ ×ðôÀþÁð òãðÇþÚðð etc. (not as ãðð´þÙðÚð âð¾þ¾õ ×ðôÀþÁð òãðÌðð) All the three old formsof conjunct Ü should continue; as Ñß¨îðÜ, ÏðÙðá, Üðæ¾à å should be written in the old style as in åó. Conjunct form of Ãðþ and Ü should be written as âð insotead of ëð (Later, the form ëð as in vogue earlier, has also been approved). Conjunct coonsonant with è may also be formed with èâðþ symbol besides that in vogue e.g. òµðéÐð and òµðèþÐð (but not òµðéÐð). The old style of conjunct forms of letters may continue in Sanskrit text. All other symbols or marks of punctuation which are either used or have naturalised themselves into Hindi and as approved by the Government of India on the advice of experts in the field shall continue to be used as before. A few instances are:-

(i) The use of headline.

(a) Except for the full-stop, all punctuation marks as current in English e.g.- _, ; ? ! . (The symbol for visarga should also serve as a colon) For full-stop (.), a vertical line (|) should be used. The following symbols be incorporated in the typewriter keyboard, as far as possible

( ü û) should continue as in vogue.

Under the presidential orders issued from time to time, except for some specified purposes, only the internatinal numerals are to be used in all official publications in Hindi.

International numerals:

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

With& view to equipping Devanagari Script for transcription of the modern Indian languages, the following additional symbols have been fixed for expressing the special sounds of regional languages for which no symbols existed in Devanagari Script.

A. Vowels Letters Matras

(i) Short ¦ and short ¡ð÷ of the four South ¦ù ¡ð` ÷ ð÷

Indian Languages& Kashmiri.

(ii) Unrounded vowels of Kashmiri ¡ü ¡ðü ü ðü

£ ü ¤ ü üô üõ

(iii) Very short ý and £ sounds occuring only ý £ ò ô

finally in some Kashmiri words.

The diacritical marks recommended at (ii) and (iii) above may be used for other languages also where necessary.

Consonants Kashmiri Chavarga ( µð ¶ ¸ð »ð ). These may be used in case of Telugu etc. also, where necessary. Sindhi Implosives ±ð ¸ð Ç ×ð ú for Tamil Ð and ÿæðÿ for Malayalam Ü for Tamil and Malayalam& Telugu, Kannada Ü Ü for Malayalam Ðð for Tamil and Malayalam alveolar Urdugraphemes:

«î ®ÿð ²ð

ºð »ÿð Õî

APPENDIX VIII

STANDARDISATION OF HINDI SPELLING

A set of rules for standard Hindi spelling, as formulated by an Expert Comittee appointed by Government for the purpose and as approved by the Government is given below:

The case-signs in Hindi should always be written as separate words, except in case of pronouns where they should be tagged on to the stems (ÑßðòÃðÑðòÇ¨î); e.g.

1. ÜðÙð Ðð÷, 2 çëðó ¨îð÷, 3. £çðçð÷, 4. Ùðô»ð¨îð÷. But keeping in view the convenience of the printing press, thje case-signs may be tagged on to the nouns also in journals and periodicals.

Exception:

Where pronouns have two case-signs at a time, the first should be tagged on to the stem while the second should be written separately; e.g. 1. £çð¨÷î òâð¦, 2. ýçðÙð÷ü çð÷. When the particles èó, Ãð¨î etc. fall in between a pronoun and its case-sign be written as a separate word; e.g. ¡ðÑð èó ¨÷î òâð¦, Ùðô»ð Ãð¨î ¨îð÷. In case of compound verbs, all subsidiaries should be written separately;

e.g. 1. ÑðÁÿð ¨îÜÃðð èø, 2. ¡ð çð¨îÃðð èø.

The indeclinables Ãð¨î, çððÆð etc. should always be written as separate words; e.g. ¡ðÑð¨÷î çððÆð, Úðèðû Ãð¨î. The absolutive forms should always be written as single words, e.g. òÙðâðð¨îÜ, ®ðð-Ñðó¨îÜ, Üð÷-Üð÷¨îÜ. In case of co-ordinative compounds, hyphen should be placed in between the constituent words; e.g. ÜðÙð-âðêÙðÂð, òäðãð-ÑððãðáÃðó-çðüãððÇ. Hyphen should be placed before particles like çðð, ¸ðøçðð e.g. ÃðôÙð-çðð, ÜðÙð-¸ðøçðð, µðð¨õî-çð÷ Ãðó®ð÷. In case of dependent determinative compounds, hyphen should be used only to avoid risk of ambiguity e.g. Øðõ-ÃðÄãð. Where the use of glidal Úð,ãð is optional, it may be avoided, i.e., in the words like ±ð¦-±ðÚð÷, Ððýá-ÐðÚðó, èô¡ð-èôãðð etc. using only the former (vowel) forms. This rule is applicable in all cases viz., verbal, adjectival and underclinable forms. ¦÷ ( ø) and ¡ðø (ðø) express two distinct sounds in Hindi. First as in words like èø, ¡ðøÜ etc. and the other in words like ±ðãðøÚðð, ¨îðøãðð etc. The use of these symbols to express these two distinct sounds should continue. Modifications like ±ðãðÚÚðð, ¨îããðð etc. are unnecessary. ÃðÃçðÙð words borrowed from Sanskrit should ordinarily be spelt in their original Sanskrit form. But where the use of Hal sign (right slanting stroke/) has already discontinued in Hindi, words like ÙðèðÐð (Ððþ), òãðÇþãððÐð (Ððþ), it need not be revived. where the fifth letter of a class of consonants (ãð±ðá) precedes any of the four remaining letters of the same class, the ¡ÐðôçãððÜ should be invariably used instead of the fifth letter; e.g. ¡üÃð, ¡ÐÚð; ±ðü±ðð, ãðð´ÙðÚð; çðüÑððÇ¨î, çððÙÚð, çðÙÙðòÃð. Use of nasalisation sign ( û) (µðüÍòü×ðÇõ) is sometimes necessary to avoid ambiguity in meaning and to mark out distinction between words like èüçð, èûçð, ¡ü±ðÐðð, ¡û±ðÐðð, etc. But where it is difficult to write or print µðüÍòü×ðÇô must necessarily be used in poetry to maintain metric sequence. Similarly, in the primers for children where introduction of µðüÍòü×ðÇô is Jesired, µðüÍòü×ðÇô must invariably be used e.g. Ððèóû, Ùð÷ û, Ùðø û ÐðûÇÐðüÇÐð etc. Words of Arabo-Persian origin which have been adapted in Hindi vocabulary should continue to be used as such e.g. ¸ðÞÜ. But where their use in innate form is desired, dots (Ððô©Ãð÷) must be used to denote alien origin e.g. Üðºð, Ðððºð. Where use of English words with half-open ¡ðø sound is desird, ¡ÊáµðüÍ symbol should be placed over ¡ð or ð as in ¡ðùÐðÜ÷Üó and Àðù©¾Ü. If Sanskrit words with òãðçð±ðá (:) have to be used in Hindi in their ÃðÃçðÙð form, the òãðçð±ðá should be placed appropriately as in Çô:®ððÐðôØðõòÃð. But if such words are to be used in their modified (ÃðÇþØðãð) form, òãðçð±ðá can easily be omitted as in Çô®ð-çðô®ð ¨÷î çððÆðó.