Способы письма в алфавите языка хинди (стр. 60 из 60)

Explanatory notes with illustrations

A growing language-Hindi is day-by-day ensuring its status as the official language of the Union. It is heartening to picture Hindi as truly pan-Indian in form and content with closer and closer contact with its counterparts, their literature and the people who wield them for varied aims.

Incidence of parallel forms is a natural phenomenon in a living language. It is inadvisable, therefore, to fetter its course with rigid regimen and grammatical regulation.

Dictums can hardly force particular forms of a parallel labyrinth in currency and opinions must continue to differ on the choice of one or the other.

Nonetheless, conformity to the rules of grammar, syntax and spelling, is the most to be desired, provided it does no hamper progress, nor does it come in the way of effulgence of a language.

Taking all this into account, the Committee-Hindi Varani Samiti-had a catholic approach in formulating principles for standardising Hindi spelling.

The rules emodied in the text of this pamphlet are elaborated here with a few more illustrations.

The rule is clear. The case-sitgns in all types of nouns should be written separately from the stems (ÑßðòÃðÑðòǨî) e.g. ÜðÙð Ðð÷, ÜðÙð ¨îð÷, ÜðÙð çð÷ etc. and çëðó Ðð÷, çëðó ¨îð÷, çëðó çð÷ etc.

But in case of pronouns the case-signs should not be written as separate words but should be joined with the stems e.g. £çðÐð÷, £çð¨îð÷, £çðçð÷ etc. The concession and the exception to this rule is also clear and needs no explanation.

The second rule is also clear. Some more examples under this rule are: ¸ððÚðð ¨îÜÃðð èø, ®ððÚðð ¨îÜÃðð èø, ¸ðð çð¨îÃðð èø, ¨îÜ çð¨îÃðð èø, ò¨îÚðð ¨îÜÃðð Æðð, ÑðÁÿð ¨îÜÃðð Æðð, ®ð÷âðð ¨îÜ÷±ðð, ³ðõÙðÃðð Üè÷±ðð etc. The third rule needs a few more examples for clarification. There are several tuypes of indeclinables in Hindi that denote various types of feelings and senses, e.g. ¡ðè, ¡ð÷è, ¡èð, ¦÷, èó, Ãðð÷, çðð÷, Øðó, Ðð, ¸ð×ð, Ãð×ð, ¨î×ð, Úðèðû, ãðèðû, ¨îèðû, çðÇð, ©Úðð, åó, ¸ðó, Ãð¨î, ØðÜ, Ùððëðð, çððÆð, ò¨î, ò¨üîîÃðô, Ùð±ðÜ, âð÷ò¨îÐð, µððè÷ Úðð, ¡Æðãðð, ÃðÆðð, ÚðÆðð, ¡ðøÜ etc.

Some indeclinables are preceded by case-signs also e.g. ¡×ð çð÷, Ãð×ð çð÷, Úðèðû

çð÷, ãðèðû çð÷, çðÇð çð÷ etc.

The rule lays down that the indeclinables be written as separate words e.g. ¡ðÑð èó ¨÷î òâð¦, Ùðô»ð Ãð¨î ¨îð÷, ¡ðÑð¨÷î çððÆð, ±ð¸ðÿ ØðÜ ¨îÑðÀÿð, Ç÷äð ØðÜ, ÜðÃð ØðÜ, òÇÐð ØðÜ, ãðè ýÃðÐðð ØðÜ ¨îÜ Ç÷, Ùðô»ð÷ ¸ððÐð÷ Ãðð÷ Çð÷, ¨îðÙð Øðó Ððèóü ãðÐðð, Ñðµððçð ÝÑðÚð÷ Ùððëð etc.

The honorific indeclinables åó and ¸ðó should also be written as separate word e.g. åó åóÜðÙð ¸ðó, åó ¨îÐèøÚððâððâð ¸ðó, ÙðèðÃÙðð ¸ðó etc.

Indeclinables such as ÑßòÃð, Ùððëð, ÚðÆðð etc. in compounds should not be written separately e.g. ÑßòÃðòÇÐð, ÑßòÃðäðÃð, ÙððÐðãðÙððëð, òÐðòÙðÄðÙððëð, ÚðÆððçðÙðÚð, ÚðÆðð÷òµðÃð etc., for the constituents compounded together are treated as a single compound word. While following the provisions of this rule, the Committee have also provided for a hyphen in between the constituents in cases of co-ordinative compounds and dependent determinative compounds to avoid risk of ambiguity. Rules 4, 5 and 6 are clear. The hyphen is only for clarity. Some examples of co-ordinative compounds are: Ç÷®ð-Ü÷®ð, µððâð-µðâðÐð, èûçðó-Ùð¸ðð¨î, âð÷Ðð-Ç÷Ðð, ÑðÁÿÐðð-òâð®ðÐðð, ®ððÐðð-ÑðóÐðð, ®ð÷âðÐðð-¨õîÇÐðð, etc. Hyphen may be used in between determinative compounds to avoid risk of ambiguity. For example, if a hyphen is not used in the compound word Øðõ-ÃðÄãð (elements or science of earth), it is likely to be confused with ØðõÃðÄãð meaning `the state of being as element`. In the case of common dependent determinatives as in words like ÜðÙðÜð¸Úð, Üð¸ð¨ôîÙððÜ, ±ðü±ðð¸ðâð, ±ßðÙðãððçðó, ¡ðÃÙðèÃÚðð etc., a hyphen is not necessary at all. Rule& forbids the use of glidal ¡Ü-¨Ü where it is optional. This prohibition is applicable in respect of all types of words in all cases e.g. Rule 9 is clear. Rule 10 directs that the words borrowed from Sanskrit should ordinarily be spelt in their original Sanskrit form. Accordingly, it would be improper to spell ×ßèþÙðð as ×ßéÙðð, òµðèþÐð as òµðÐè, £¥Âð as £òÜÂð etc. Similarly, wrong spellings of words as ±ßèóÃð, Èæ¾ãÚð, ÑßÇòäðáÐðó, ¨îðòÐÃðãððÐðþ, ¡ÃÚððòÏð¨î, ¡ÐððòÏð¨îðÜ etc. are not acceptable. wherever èâðþ sign has dropped out of use in words like ÙðèðÐð (Ððþ), òãðÇþãððÐð (Ððþ) etc., it need not be revived. Rule 11 relates to the use of `fifth letters` (ÑðüµðÙððêðÜ) and ¡ÐðôçãððÜ. where fifth letter of a class of consonants (ãð±ðá) precedes any of the four remaining letters of the same class, the ¡ÐðôçãððÜ and not the fifth letter should be used; e.g. ±ðü±ðð, ¾ü¾ð, çðüÑððǨî, çðüÏðþÚðð, ÏðüÏðð etc. If the fifth letter precedes any letter of a class (ãð±ðá) other than its own or repeats itself, it does not change into an ¡ÐðôçãððÜ but remains as it is, e.g. ãðð´ÙðÚð, ¡ÐÚð, çðÙÙðòÃð, òµðÐÙðÚð, £ÐÙðô®ð etc. Forms like ãððüÙðÚð, çðüÙðòÃð, òüµðÙðÚð, £üÙðô®ð etc. are incorrect. The Committee has sympathetically considered the question of the use of µðüÍòü×ðÇô (a nasal sound expressed by a point in the middle of a digit over a letter) and has provided for its application where necessary. The rule laid down in this respect is quite clear.

Rule 13 and 14 dealing with spellings of Hindi words of English, Arabic persain or any other foreign origin and their peculiar sounds, do not require explanation. However, it is not out of context to reproduce here the recommendation on transliteration of international terms into Devanagari Script, made by the Seminar on the Linguistics of Scientific Terminology organised by the Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology in August-September, 1962 which runs thus:

``The transliteration of English terms should not be made so complex as to necessitate the introduction of new signs and symbols in the present Devanagari characters. The Devanagari rendering of English terms should aim at maximum approximation to the standard English pronunciation with such modifications as are prevalent in the educated circle in India.``

The same recommendation may apply to words adopted from other languages also.

Some Hindi words have two parallel forms in currency, both of which have been generally recognised by scholars in the field, e.g. ±ðÜÇÐð>±ðÇáÐð, ±ðÜÙðó>±ðÙðóá, ×ðÜÒî>×ðÒáî, ×ðÜÃðÐð>×ðÃðáÐð, ò×ðâð¨ôîâð>ò×ðâ¨ôîâð, çðÜÇó>çðÇóá, ¨ôîÜçðó>¨ôîçðóá, ØðÜÃðó>ØðÃðóá, ×ðÜÇðäÃð>×ðÇðáäÃð, ãððòÑðçð> ãððÑðçð, ¡ð®ðóÜ>¡ðò®ðÜ, ¦¨îðýá>ý¨îðýá, Çð÷×ððÜð>Çô×ððÜð etc. Uniformity in the spelling of such words was not considered essential.