| Предположение | Возможность | |
| в настоящем (Present) | He can’t be in Germany. He couldn’t be in Germany. (это невозможно — я видел его недавно) He must be in Germany now. (я предполагаю) | He may be in Germany. He could be in Germany. |
1. Работайте с партнером. Расспросите партнера о том, что он может и чего не может делать, используя идиомы, слова и выражения из следующей таблицы:
Model: Can you swim? → Yes, I can. / No, I can’t.
I can drive, but I can’t fly a plane.
| I | Play any musical instruments | the guitar, the piano, saxophone |
| II | Speak any foreign languages | French, English, Italian, Polish, Ukrainian, Hindi |
| III | Play any games, do activities | Baseball, football, tennis, boxing; swimming, riding |
| IV | Use | a computer, vacuum cleaner, mobile phone |
| V | Others | explain the theory of relativity, recite poetry |
Сделайте заметки:
| QUESTIONS | ANSWERS | |
| I | ||
| II | ||
| III | ||
| IV |
Работайте с группой. Пользуясь заметками, расскажите группе о том, что может, и чего не может делать ваш партнер. Ответьте на вопросы группы.
2. Составьте правила поведения клиентов в гостинице, используя следующие глаголы.
Model: The guests mustn’t smoke in the room!
— leave valuables (ценные вещи) in the room,
— bring friends after 11 p. m.,
— take the keys with them, when they go somewhere,
— drop litter on the floor,
— make noise,
— usurp the hotel’s towels and bathrobes,
— take pets in bed,
— have sex.
3. Представьте, что вы сдаете квартиру внаем. Составьте список правил для жильцов.
You must ________________ You mustn’t ______________
__________________ __________________
__________________ ___________________
__________________ ___________________
4. Переведите следующие предложения:
Model: She must be at home now. → Она должно быть дома сейчас.
1. You must be very hungry.
2. He must be very busy at this moment. Don’t ring him up.
3. It must be very difficult to learn a foreign language.
5. Подчеркните правильный модальный глагол в следующих предложениях:
1. She didn’t need / needn’t have to take any money because her friend was going to pay.
2. We needn’t have / couldn’t have ordered so much food as nobody was hungry.
3. I don’t need to / shouldn’t wear glasses because my eyesight is still quite good.
4. You need / must be a member of the library before you can borrow books.
6. Работайте с партнером. Прочитайте следующие диалоги:
1. A: Should I buy a blue blouse or a pink one?
B: I think you should buy a pink one.
A: Why do you say that?
B: Pink goes better with the color of your hair.
2. A: Should we vote for the Democrats or the Communists?
B: I think we should vote for the Democrats.
A: What makes you say that?
B: The Democrats think more about the future than the Communists.
3. A: Should I marry Linda or Jane?
B: I think I should marry Linda.
A: How come?
B: Linda is more beautiful than Jane.
7. Работайте с партнером. Составьте свой диалог по образцу из упр. 6, используя собственные слова. Драматизируйте его:
Whoop it up — to have a lot of fun with a group of friends.
Try your wings — to try to do something new.
Be with it — to feel intelligent and organized.
Crack the whip — to control people and force them to work harder.
Cupboard love — pretended love, especially as shown by animals or children to people who give them things they want.
Lesson 19
У ряда модальных глаголов есть эквиваленты, которые используют для выражения модальности в прошлом и будущем:
can = be able to
may = be allowed to
| must | = have to |
| = be to |
Глаголы to be, to have спрягаются, принимая соответствующую временную форму: My grandmother was not able to walk at 70.
Вопросы и отрицания с have to требуют вспомогательных глаголов do, does, did:
– You came home late yesterday. Did you have to work all day?
– No, I didn’t. I just had to stay late to finish my report.
Выражение долженствования, обязанности, необходимости
| Значение | В настоящем (Present) | В прошлом (Past) | |
| have to be to | должен — вынужден, обстоятельства вынуждают, обязывают строгие предписания должен — моральный долг обязывает | Sorry, I have to go now. My train is leaving in a minute. At the West Point Military Academy the cadets have to obey very strict rules. We are students. We are to work hard. | I had to go yesterday — I was missing my train. When I was a cadet I had to obey very strict rules. We were to work hard when we were students. |
Выражение умения, способности, возможности
производить действие и разрешения
| Оборот | Значение | В настоящем (Present) | В прошлом (Past) |
| be able to be allowed to | физическая и умственная способность выполнить действие разрешение | She’s able to play the piano. She isn’t able to play the piano because her hand hurts. Visitors are allowed to use the car park. Visitors are not allowed to use the car park. | She was able to play the piano when she was five. She wasn’t able to play the piano at yesterday concert because her hand hurt. Visitors were allowed to use the car park. Visitors were not allowed to use the car park. |
1. Переведите пары предложений и объясните различие между ними:
She could not cook such big dinner. — Она не могла приготовить такой большой ужин.
She need not cook such big dinner. — Ей не надо готовить такой большой ужин.
I cannot read French books. You need not read so many books.
They could not come in time. They need not come in time.
She could not buy that dress. She need not buy a new dress.
The boy cannot lock the door. The boy need not lock the door.
2. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски с помощью глагола to have to и следующих глаголов:
do, put, obey (подчиняться), run, look, polish, tell, stand, sit, memorize (запоминать), touch, get, go, tell, be.
Tom, a first year cadet at West Point, is writing a letter to his brother. West Point is the United States Army Military Academy. It is a very strict (жесткий, суровый) school, and there are many rules (правила) the cadets must obey.
Dear Joe,
How are you doing? Well, here I am at West Point. Life here is very difficult. We have to obey a thousand rules. A first-year cadet is nothing here. We … everything that an upperclassman tells us to do. Upperclassmen always tell the new cadets to do a lot of crazy things. For example, we … down our suitcases and pick them up again about fifty times. And we … up and down the stairs ten times.
Our uniform is very important. They … perfect at all times. I … my shoes about three times a day. If an upperclassman can’t see his reflection in our shoes, we … them again.
Cadets … at attention when they speak to upperclassmen. When we stand at attention, our chins … our chests. We even … at attention when we eat our meals. You won’t believe some of the other stupid things. We … the menu for lunch and dinner every day. When an upperclassman asks «What’s for dinner?» we … him: «Roast, chicken, potatoes, carrots, salad and apple pie, Sir». Also, if an upperclassman wants a Coke, we … to the soda machine and … a Coke for him.
Honor is important at West Point. Cadets … honest at everything they do. For example, if you know that another cadet lied or cheated on a test, you … the commander.
I don’t have time to write any more. I … to class now.
Please write to me. I’m very lonely here. It’s very different from high school and home.
See you at Christmas,
Tom.
Vocabulary.
Upperclassman — курсант старшего курса, reflection — отражение, stand at attention — стоять по стойке смирно, chin — подбородок, chest — грудь, honor — честь, lie — лгать, cheat — мошенничать.
3. Работайте с партнером. Ваш друг учится в университете и живет в общежитии. Расспросите о его обязанностях, используя следующие выражения:
Model:
— Do you have to come early to class?
— Yes, I do. Our classes begin at eight.
— Do you have to cook for yourself ?
— No, I needn’t. There is a canteen at the University.
To stay late, to attend lectures, to prepare for the seminars, to study two foreign languages, to wash the clothes, to work a lot at the library, to work part time, to work hard to get ready for exams.
4. Вставьте подходящий по смыслу глагол из списка: can, may, must, need
Why … not you understand it? It’s so easy!
You … not have bought this meat: we have everything for dinner.
We … not carry the bookcase upstairs. It’s too heavy.
We … not carry this sofa upstairs ourselves: the workers will come and do it.
5. Заполните пропуски в тексте глаголами из списка: can, can, can, must, must, required to, must not, should, allowed to, do not have to.
Overseas visitors … use their usual driving licences in New South Wales but … have proof that they are simply visiting. You are also … carry your licence with you whenever you are driving. You … drive without wearing a seat belt. Driving is not the ideal way to get around central Sydney, although a car … be very convenient for journeys into the suburbs and further afield. If you are planning to use a car you … purchase a good street directory. The city centre is often congested and it … be difficult to find a parking place. Look out for the blue and white ‘P’ signs. You … pay at a meter after 6.30 pm on weekends, on Saturday afternoons and all day Sunday.
At some intersections, which are clearly signposted, drivers are … make a left-hand turn at a red light after stopping, but … give way to pedestrians.
Clip sb’s wings — to limit someone’s freedom or power.
One-horse town — a place with few comforts and activities; a dull rural town.
Have your cake end eat it too — to spend or use something up but still have it; to have two things when you must choose one.
Go to the dogs — to decline in looks or health; to be ruined or destroyed; to ruin oneself.
Buy a pig in a poke — to buy something without seeing or examining it.
Lesson 20
Конструкции с модальными глаголами могут использоваться в следующих ситуациях: