В этих придаточных относительные местоимения всегда сохраняются: Chocolate, which I love, gives me energy.
3. Придаточные причины и следствия присоединяются следующими конструкциями:
1. so many/so few (that) — с исчисляемыми существительными:
I have got so many CDs that I don’t know where to put them!
2. so much/so little (that) с неисчисляемыми существительными:
They spent so much time in the park that they missed their bus.
3. so…that с прилагательными и наречиями:
I’m so glad (that) I passed my exam.
4. such a с исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе:
I had such a fabulous day (that) I didn’t want to go home.
5. such…that с исчисляемыми существительными во множественном числе и неисчисляемыми существительными:
It was such good news (that) we couldn’t believe it!
Наречия too, enough могут выражать отрицательное отношение к чему-то — что-то нежелательно или раздражает: I’ve eaten too much (food). I feel sick! My coffee’s too hot. I can’t drink it. It was cold enough to snow. I’ve had enough food.
4. Придаточные времени, которые присоединяются следующими конструкциями:
| After | + Present Simple | Когда событие в будущем уже произойдет | I’ll see you after I get back home. |
| As soon as | Непосредственно после какого-то события | As soon as they arrive at the station, call a taxi. | |
| Before | Раньше какого-либо события в будущем | Finish your work before Mum comes home. | |
| By the time (that) | К тому времени как… | He’ll have gone by the time you get here. | |
| Immediately | В то же время как… | Make sure you insure the house immediately. | |
| Once | Непосредственно за каким-то событием в будущем | Once she arrives, we can start. | |
| Suppose/supposing | Представь, что… | Supposing you fall ill, what will you do? | |
| Until | До того времени, как…(продолжать) | Keep reading until I tell you to stop. | |
| When | Непосредственно за событием в будущем | I’ll call you when I/m free. | |
| Whenever | В любое время | Phone me whenever it’s convenient. | |
| While | В течение какого-то времени | Let’s forget work while we’re on holiday. |
5. Придаточные условия, которые присоединяются следующими конструкциями:
| If | + Present Simple | Если | If the weather is fine… |
| As/so long as | Но только если… | I’ll come as/so long as you pay. | |
| (just) in case | Это возможно в случае… | Take an umbrella just in case it rains. | |
| On condition that | При условии, что… | I’ll lend you money on condition that you give it back soon. | |
| Provided/providing (that) | Только в случае если… | We’ll get there on time provided we leave now. | |
| Unless | За исключением… | We won’t go for a walk unless it’s sunny. | |
| Whether (…or not) | Вводит возможные или альтернативные события в будущем | Whether we win or not depends on how committed we are. |
Примечание: союзами if, when, whether могут присоединяться придаточные, отвечающие на вопрос «что». В этом случае, вместо Present Simple используется Future Simple: I doubt if/whether Ann will come. I don’t know when they’ll come back.
1. Прочитайте текст, найдите в нем придаточные, вносящие дополнительную информацию:
We think we are most advanced creatures on the planet. But if we look a little deeper, we will realize that all our inventions, which make life easier, are really just copies of things already found in nature. Here are a few examples of the incredible things animals can do.
We may have invented heat-seeking cameras which find disaster victims, but snakes can ‘see’ heat. Rattlesnakes have sensors which can detect small changes in temperature. They ‘see’ us by the heat that surrounds us, so they can find their prey in the dark. Even our footprints leave some warmth, which can be detected long after we have passed. This means snakes know where we are and where we have been.
We discovered electricity and ways of looking for it. However, creatures which live in the sea have electrosensors which can detect electricity.
A swimmer who is injured gives off electricity — his heartbeat and his nerves flashing on and off in panic. A shark wouldn’t ‘see’ him through its eyes, which are very small, but it would fell the swimmer’s fear.
2. Составьте из пар предложений одно, используя соответствующие местоимения и знаки препинания, где это необходимо:
Необходимая информация:
The Asian elephant is a large mammal. Its pregnancy lasts 22 months.
The anabas is a fish. It can climb trees.
The chameleon is a lizard. It can change colour.
The mosquito is a malaria-carrying insect. It causes 2000000 deaths a year.
Дополнительная информация:
The tiger is only found in Asia. It is the largest member of the cat family.
Camels are used for trips across the desert. They can drink 113 litres of water in half an hour.
The ostrich is the world’s tallest bird. It cannot fly.
Electric eels kill fish by electrocuting them. They eat half of their body weight in food every day.
3. Запишите несколько дат, имен, названий и объясните, что они означают, следуя модели:
Model: 1960 — That was the year when I was born.
4. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, используя enough и слова из списка. Переведите предложения.
large, fast, warm, meat
1. This dress isn’t … . — I need a larger size.
2. Have we got enough … for the barbecue?
3. He didn’t run … enough to win the race.
4. If the weather is …, we’ll have a beach party.
5. Подчеркните правильное слово в следующих предложениях:
It was such a / such hot weather we didn’t need sweaters.
The day passed such / so quickly that I didn’t notice the time.
We got home so / such a late that everyone had gone to bed.
There was so / such loud music we couldn’t hear each other speak.
6. Подчеркните правильное слово в следующих предложениях и переведите их:
1. Until/When he arrives, everyone must stand.
2. Please phone your dad by the time/immediately.
3. As soon as/ Before you hear the alarm, run for the exit.
4. Supposing/In case you had a baby girl — what would you call her?
5. We’re not going to stop digging until/ as soon as we find the ancient ruins.
Under the weather — sick; not well; in trouble with money.
With flying colors — with ease and great success; in triumph.
Rain or shine — no matter what happens; whatever the weather is like.
No spring chicken — not young any more.
Nothing to sneeze at — not small or unimportant; something to be taken seriously.
Пассивный залог — The Passive Voice — употребляется:
— с большинством переходных глаголов (глагол + прямое дополнение), когда само действие более важно, чем субъект этого действия (производитель):
This helicopter was designed in Russia;
— когда производитель действия неизвестен:
The manuscripts were found in 19th century;
— если информация о субъекте действия важна, то она вводится предлогом by:
This wedding cake will be baked by the best cooks.
| Present Simple | I am surprised by this message. |
| Past Simple | I was surprised by this message. |
| Future Simple | I will be surprised by this message. |
| Present Perfect | The letter has been written by a woman. The letter has been written by a woman. |
| Present Continuous | These students are being examined now. |
| Past Continuous | He was being examined this time yesterday. |
| Present Perfect | We have been shown this film twice. |
| Past Perfect | had been |
| Future Perfect | I/he shall/will have been |
| Глаголы sell, wash, wear, bake, read употребляются в активном залоге, хотя и с пассивным значением: These novels sell well. The cloth wears well. | |
Если в предложении два возможных субъекта, предмет или лицо, то подлежащим в пассивном залоге становится лицо: I was given a prize.
Пассивный залог может употребляться с модальными глаголами, предложение строится по следующей схеме:
Modal verb + be + Past Participle
| must/can/should be/may/might + Participle II | ||
| Active Voice | Passive Voice | |
| I can do it. He should do it. They must do it. He has to do it. You may do it. They might do it. | It can be done by me. It should be done by him. It must be done by them. It has to be done by her. It may be done by Ann. It might be done by them. | |
1. Измените залог в предложениях, следуя модели:
Model: Somebody broke that window yesterday — That window was broken yesterday.
1. Sarah invited Jane to her party. 2. Someone has written a book about the first American president. 3. Police arrests people every day. 4. Someone stole my car last night. 5. We will paint a house tomorrow.
2. Работайте с партнером. Составьте собственные диалоги из данных слов, следуя модели:
Model: — Do you want me to feed Rover?
— No. Don’t worry about it. He’s already been fed.
— Do you want me to ______________________?
— No. Don’t worry about it. _________________.
Make the bed, do the dishes, take the garbage out, wake the children up, carve the chicken.
3. Составьте из данных слов вопросы в пассивном залоге:
Model: Question: The new road / still / build?
… Is the new road still being built? ...
Answer: Yes, they haven’t finished it yet.
Question: Where / the first car / manufacture?
… .
Answer: In the USA.
Question: how many mobile phones / sell/ recently?
… .
Answer: Millions!
Question: Who penicillin / discover / by?
… .
Answer: By Alexander Fleming.
Question: When / cure / find / for Aids?
… .
Answer: Very soon, I hope.
Question: When / the first real computers / build?
… .
Answer: During the Second World War.
Cool it — to relax, calm down; to stop being so exited or angry.
Make ends meet — to earn just enough to live within one’s income.
Lock, stock and barrel — the whole of sth; all the parts of a thing; everything.
Pass the hat — to ask for contributions.
Penny for your thoughts — What are you thinking? Tell me what is on your mind.
Косвенная речь используется для передачи чужой речи. После глаголов, вводящих косвенную речь (reporting verbs) в форме настоящего времени, время глагола в придаточном предложении не меняется:
She says «I love him». → She says she loves him.
Если глагол в предложении, вводящий косвенную речь, употреблен в прошедшем времени, форма в придаточном смещается на один шаг:
Present Continuous → Past Continuous
«It is raining in my town». → She said it was raining in her town.
Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
«I was sleeping,» she told me. → She told me that she had been sleeping.
Present Simple → Past Simple