«I want to buy it,» he told me → He said that he wanted to buy it.
Past Simple → Past Perfect
«I saw your sister». → He said he had seen my sister.
Present Perfect → Past Perfect
«You’ve won the second prize,» the man announced → The man announced that they had won the second prize.
Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
«I have been driving for five years,» he said → He said that he had been driving for five years.
Future Simple → Future in the Past
«We’ll buy you a car,» parents promised. → Parents promised that they would buy me a car.
Изменения в обстоятельствах места и времени при изменении прямой речи в косвенную:
here there
now then
this / these that / those
today that day
tomorrow the next day/the following day
yesterday the day before/the previous day
last week the week before
next week the following week
ago before
Если при переходе в косвенную речь меняется субъект предложения, то используется придаточное с союзом that:
«We’ll go with you.» → They agreed to go with me.
«You can go with us!» → They agreed that I should go with them.
Модальные глаголы would, could, might, ought, should не меняются в косвенной речи, остальные меняются следующим образом:
must → had to «I must go.» → He said he had to go.
can → could «I can do it». →He said he could do it.
may→ might «I may do it». → He said he might do it.
Косвенные вопросы начинаются со следующих выражений:
Can you tell me what time the film starts? (сравни: What time does the film start?)
I’d like to know where I can buy tickets? (сравни: Where can I buy tickets?)
Could you tell me if / whether she is going to call me tonight? (сравни: Is she going to call me tonight?)
Could you tell me how to get to the theatre? / how I get to the theatre? (сравни: How do I get to the theatre?)
В косвенных вопросах не ставится знак «?». Грамматические формы изменяются так же, как и в утвердительных предложениях с косвенной речью; порядок слов такой же, как и в утвердительном предложении. Союзы if или whether используются для общих вопросов (yes/no):
«Are you okay?» → He asked me if I was okay.
«Where do you live?» → He wanted to know where I lived.
«Are you a headmaster?» → He asked me if/whether I was a headmaster.
Косвенное выражение вежливой просьбы, совета или предупреждения строится по схеме:
ask/tell/advise/warn + object (дополнение)+ infinitive
«Listen, please!» → He asked/told us to listen.
«Be careful!» → He advised/warned us to be careful.
1. Работайте с партнером. Завершите диалог, следуя модели:
Model: — I forgot to tell you. _______________ called yesterday.
— Really? What did she say?
— She said/told (that) ____________________________ .
Christina: «I think I’m falling in love with you».
— I forgot to tell you. _ Christina __ called yesterday.
— Really? What did she say?
— She said/told (that) _she thought she was falling in love with me__ .
1. Our niece Liz: «I got a raise last week».
2. Uncle Charlie: «I’ll be arriving this Friday on the two o’clock train».
3. Aunt Jane: «I’ll send you a postcard from Egypt».
4. My boyfriend: «I’m sorry I forgot about your birthday».
5. The mechanic: «The car is ready and you can pick it up any time you want to».
6. Grandma: «I was planning to visit this weekend, but I won’t be able to come because I have the flu».
2. Прочитайте текст. Найдите предложения с косвенной речью:
GOOD ADVICE
Sue had a bad stomachache yesterday afternoon. She called her doctor and asked him what she should do. Her doctor told her to rest in bed. He also told her not to eat too much for dinner. And he told her to call him in the morning if she was still sick. Sue felt better after speaking with her doctor. She’s glad she can always depend on him for good advice.
3. Завершите предложения в косвенной речи:
Model: «Let me help you». My mother offered to help me.
1. «This spot is the best place for a picnic».
My mother said…………………….
2. «If I were you, I wouldn’t drink so much».
He advised his friend………………
3. «Can you answer the phone? I’m having a shower!»
He asked his son………………….
4. Работайте с партнером. Завершите диалог, следуя модели. Драматизируйте полученные диалоги:
Model: A: I’m a little annoyed at ___________________ .
B: How come?
A: _____________told me _____________________ .
B: Why did _____ tell you that?
A: _______ said (that) ________________________ .
English students: «Don’t give us any homework this weekend! We are tired of English grammar!»
A: I’m a little annoyed at my English students … .
B: How come?
A: They … told me not to give them any homework this weekend … .
B: Why did … they … tell you that?
A: They said (that) … they were tired of English grammar … .
1. My doctor: «Lose some weight! You are much too heavy».
2. My girlfriend: «Don’t call me this weekend! I want to be alone».
3. My dentist: «Don’t eat candy! It’s bad for your teeth».
4. My boss: «Come to work early tomorrow! I need some help and you’re the only one who can help me».
5. My seven-year-old son: «Don’t kiss me in front of my friends any more! I’m a big boy now».
5. Два подростка потерялись в лесу и потом нашлись. Прочитайте, что они сказали репортеру, и передайте это в косвенной речи, используя слова said, explained, told the reporters:
1. «We were exploring with a group of tourists, but we decided to go off on our own»
2. «We’ve been alone in the forest for six days».
3. «We’ve been eating nothing but berries».
4. «We both cut our feet but otherwise we’re not hurt».
5. «We’re really lucky to be alive!»
6. «We’re looking forward to seeing our parents».
6. Составьте прямые вопросы, которые репортер задал подросткам. Затем переделайте их в косвенные, используя глаголы asked them, wanted to know, wondered:
Model: How/you/get lost? → How did you get lost? → The reporter asked them how they had got lost.
How long/you/be/here?
What/you/eat?
you/hurt/yourselves/while/you/in/forest?
How/you/feel/now/about your adventure?
What/you/look forward to doing next?
7. Работайте с партнером. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос: «What questions did the interviewer ask?»
THE JOB INTERVIEW
John had a job interview a few days ago at the United Insurance Company. The interview lasted almost an hour, and John had to answer a lot of questions.
First, the interviewer asked John where he had gone to school. Then, she asked if he had had any special training. She asked where he had worked. She also asked whether he was willing to move to another city. She wanted to know if he could work overtime and weekends. She asked him how his health was. She asked him whether he had ever been fired. She wanted to know why he had had four different jobs in the past year.
And finally, the interviewer asked the most difficult question. She wanted to know why John thought he was more qualified for the position than the other sixty-two people who had applied.
8. Закончите предложения:
My children have promised me … .
I would advise my friends not to … .
After breakfast, my husband always asks … .
My mother has offered … .
Make heads or tails out of something — to understand how something works; to figure something out.
Pie in the sky — sth not possible; an unpleasant hope.
Stick-in-the-mud — a person with old-fashioned ideas who avoids anything new, ignores progress, and fights change.
Turn over a new leaf — to correct one’s behavior or attitude; to begin anew’ to make a fresh start.
Two-faced — false; dishonest.
В английском языке есть конструкции, которые используются, чтобы сказать о вероятности, возможности/невозможности свершения событий в настоящем или будущем.
First Conditional — выражает реальное условие. Используется, чтобы говорить о событиях, которые возможны в настоящем или будущем.
| Conditional clause / Придаточное условия | Main clause / Главное предложение |
| If + Present Simple | Will + infinitive |
| If it rains, | we will stay at home. |
| If I see Peter | I’ll tell him all the news. |
| Possible condition | Result |
Глагол to be имеет форму were для всех лиц:
If I were you (but I am not you) I would marry him.
Second Conditional — выражает нереальное условие на настоящий момент. Используется, чтобы говорить о ситуациях, которые маловероятны в настоящем или будущем.
| Conditional clause / Придаточное условия | Main clause / Главное предложение |
| If + Past Simple | Would + Infinitive |
| If I had enough money, | I would retire. |
| Вместо would можно использовать модальные глаголы: If I lost my job, I might go abroad for a while. | |
| If I won £ 10000 | I would travel round the world |
| Possible, but not probable | Result |
Условие нереально, потому что:
— оно теоретически возможно, но практически маловероятно:
If I were Prime Minister I would raise teachers’ salaries;
— это невозможное предположение, не имеющее отношения к действительности:
If you came from my country you would understand us better.
Сравните:
First Conditional: — What will you do if you run out of money?
— If I run out of money I’ll call my mother.
Second Conditional: — What would you do if you saw a ghost?
— If I saw a ghost I would talk to it.
1. Работайте с партнером. Прочитайте диалог и подчеркните в нем формы First Conditional. Переведите его:
A: Are you going to the football pools, Brian?
B: Yes, I’m sure we shall win something this week.
A: What will you do if you win a lot of money?
B: If I win a lot of money I shall buy you a mink coat.
A: I don’t want a mink coat! I want to see the world.
B: All right. If we win a lot of money we shall travel around the world. And we shall stay at the best hotels. Then we shall return home and buy a big house in the country. And……
A: But if we spend all that money we shall be poor again. What shall we do then?
B: If we spend all the money we shall try and win the football pools again.
2. Работайте с партнером. Прочитайте диалог и составьте собственные диалоги по вопросам, выражающим аналогичную ситуацию:
Model: A: Do you think the boss would be angry if I went home early?
B: Yes, I do. As a matter of fact, I think he’d be very angry.
A: Do you really think so?
B: Yes. I’m positive. I wouldn’t go home early if I were you.
A: I suppose you are right.
A: Do you think Mom and Dad would be angry if I borrowed the car?
B: Do you think Bob would be jealous if I took out his girlfriend?
A: Do you think my parents would be disappointed if I dropped out of university?
B: Do you think the landlord would be upset if I painted the kitchen purple?
A: Do you think Tom would be embarrassed if I showed his girlfriend a photograph of him in the bathtub when he was two years ago?
B: Do you think the voters would be upset if I raised taxes?
3. Закончите предложения, следуя модели:
Model: — What are they going to name their new baby?
If … will.. .
— If they have a boy, they’ll name him Bob. If they have a girl, they’ll name her Carmen.
— What are John and Sally going to do tomorrow?
If it rains, they’ll … .
If it is shining, they’ll … .
— What is he going to do with his old car?
If he doesn’t sell it, he’ll … .
If he sells it, he’ll … .
— What are they going to wear tomorrow?
If it’s hot, … .