If it’s cold, … .
— What’s Ann going to have for dinner tonight?
It she’s very hungry, … .
If she isn’t very hungry … .
4. Прочитайте информацию о плохих и хороших приметах. Закончите предложения. Расскажите группе, какие приметы вы знаете:
If your right eye itches, you’ll laugh soon.
If your left eye itches, _______________
If your right ear itches, somebody is saying good things about you.
If your left ear itches, ___________________________________
If a knife falls, a man will visit soon.
If a fork falls, __________________
If a spoon falls, _________________
You’ll have bad luck …
if a black cat walks in front of you.
…
You’ll have good luck …
if you find a four-leaf clever.
…
5. Прочитайте следующий текст и перескажите его:
Ronald wants to stay up late to watch a movie tonight, but he knows he shouldn’t. If he stays up late to watch a movie, he won’t get to bed until after midnight. If he doesn’t get to bed until after midnight, he’ll probably be very tired in the morning. If he’s very tired in the morning, he might oversleep. If he oversleeps, he’ll be late for work. If he’s late for work, his boss might get angry and fire him. So, even though Ronald wants to stay up late to watch a movie, he isn’t going to. Too bad!
6. Напишите о вещах, которые вы хотели бы сделать, но знаете, что не должны:
TOO BAD
I want to __________, but I know I shouldn’t. If ________, __________.
If ________________, _____________. If ________________________.
So, even I though I want to _____________, I’m not going to. Too bad!
7. Запишите два предложения, используя данную информацию. Первое предложение должно выражать вероятное событие. Второе менее вероятное, но возможное:
Model: we leave at eight/we arrive on time
likely: If we leave at eight o’clock, we’ll arrive on time.
less likely: If we left at eight o’clock, we’d arrive on time.
1. You fall/break your leg.
2. I drink too much wine/I feel sleepy.
3. You get the job/you have more freedom.
Down the drain — lost forever; wasted.
Head over heels in love — completely and helplessly in love.
In a nutshell — in a very few words; briefly; clearly and to the point.
Jump the gun — to do or say something before you should; to act prematurely or hastily.
Lend an ear — to listen and pay attention to.
Third Conditional — выражает нереальное условие, характеризующее прошлую ситуацию. Используется, чтобы говорить о событиях или ситуациях, которые не произошли в прошлом.
| Conditional clause / Придаточное условия | Main clause / Главное предложение |
| If + Past Perfect | Would + Perfect Infinitive |
| If Bruce had asked me to marry him, | I would have said «yes». |
| If Bruce had asked me to marry him (but he didn’t) | I would have said «yes». |
| Possible, but unrealistic | Result |
Сравните, как изменяется значение предложения, в зависимости от того, в какой части предложения находится NOT:
If I had taken an umbrella, I wouldn’t have got wet (но я промок).
If I hadn’t taken an umbrella, I would have got wet (но я не промок).
Обе части предложения могут быть отрицательными:
They wouldn’t have missed their plane if they hadn’t woken up late (но они проснулись поздно и опоздали на самолет).
Zero Conditional — выражает причинно-следственную объективную зависимость. Используется, чтобы показать, что одно действие или результат всегда, как правило, следует за другим. Часто здесь используется when / if:
| Conditional clause / Придаточное условия | Main clause / Главное предложение |
| Present Simple | Present Simple |
| If / When water freezes, When I travel by boat, | it turns to ice. I’m always sick. |
1. Заполните предложения словами из списка и переведите их:
tilt / use / nod / learn / know
If you … your head, it means «yes».
If you … computers at an office, you probably … about the Internet.
Unless you … to use the Internet, you won’t be able to send emails.
If you want to show you are listening, … your head on one side.
2. Работайте с партнером. Закончите предложения, следуя модели. Драматизируйте полученные диалоги:
Model: If ___________________would have … .
— Why didn’t you send me a postcard?
— We didn’t remember your address. If … .
— Why didn’t you make your beds this morning?
— We didn’t have enough time. If … .
— Why didn’t Harry stop at that traffic light?
— He wasn’t looking. If … .
— Why didn’t you go to the movies with your friends last night?
— I wasn’t in the mood to see the film. If … .
— Why didn’t Mrs. Brown’s students give her a birthday present?
— She didn’t tell them it was her birthday.
3. Соедините два предложения в одно, используя Third Conditional:
Model: I was tired. I went to bed early.
If I hadn’t felt tired, I wouldn’t have gone to bed early.
1. I didn’t have enough money. I didn’t take a taxi.
If … .
2. She didn’t have a car. She couldn’t have driven there.
If she … .
3. You didn’t run fast. You didn’t come first.
You could … .
4. He wasn’t interested in the film. He didn’t go to the cinema.
If … .
4. Работайте с партнером. Закончите предложения:
I would never have met my future wife/husband if … .
If I had won a thousand dollars last year, I … .
I would have worked harder last year if … .
I would have started to learn foreign languages if … .
Up a creek without a paddle — in deep trouble and unable to do anything about it; in serious trouble.
Every cloud has a silver lining — there is something good in every bad situation.
Eat your words — to have to take back what you said; to admit humbly that you were wrong.
Don’t take any wooden nickels — Don’t let anyone cheat you or take advantage of you.
Make a federal case out of sth — to exaggerate the seriousness of something small; to make a big deal out of something.
В английском языке есть ряд конструкций с глаголом wish для выражения желательности или нежелательности событий в настоящем, будущем, прошлом времени.
— wish/ if only + Past Simple используется, чтобы выразить сожаление по поводу вещей, которые хотелось бы изменить в настоящем или будущем: My sister wishes she were prettier. I wish I were rich.
— wish/ if only + Past Continuous — чтобы выразить сожаление по поводу ситуаций в настоящем, которые мы не можем изменить: I wish I were lying on the beach now!
— wish/ if only + Past Perfect — чтобы выразить сожаление по поводу событий в прошлом: I wish I hadn’t eaten so much last night.
— wish/ if only + would — чтобы выразить беспокойство по поводу чьего-либо поведения: I wish my sister would stop taking my things!
If only используется, чтобы усилить интонацию сожаления: If only my Dad didn’t snore.
1. Работайте с партнером. Завершите диалог, следуя модели. Драматизируйте полученные диалоги:
Model: — You know, I wish I … .
— Oh, really? Why?
— If I … I … .
— I know what you mean.
I don’t know my neighbors. I’m lonely.
— You know, I wish I … knew my neighbors … .
— Oh, really? Why?
— If I … knew my neighbors … I … wouldn’t be lonely … .
— I know what you mean.
1. I’m not an optimist. I get depressed so often.
2. I don’t do daily exercises. I have to go on a diet.
3. I don’t drive to work. I have to wait for the bus every morning.
4. I don’t have a good job. I’m very concerned about my future.
2. Закончите следующие предложения, используя Past Simple или Past Perfect:
1. I think I need to loose weight. I wish … slimmer.
2. I’m sorry you didn’t go to the party last Sunday. I wish … on Sunday.
3. Jane has to stay at home tonight. Jane wishes she … tonight.
4. I don’t have a TV in my kitchen, but I’d like one. If … TV in my kitchen.
5. My parents don’t like living in a flat. They wish … in a house instead of a flat.
3. Прочитайте описание ситуаций и составьте предложения, используя wish…would:
Model: A dog is barking in the street and you are already half-asleep. You want that dog to stop barking. What do you say? — I wish the dog would stop barking.
1. You have your birthday soon and your parents ask what to present you with. You want them to present you with a dress. What do you say?
2. You are hurrying to the party and waiting for a friend of yours. He is late. You want him to come. What do you say?
3. You are late for work. You want to catch a bus but without success. What do you say?
4. You want to go out and have a picnic. But it is raining. So you want to stop. What do you say?
5. Your wife always forgets to take her front door key. What do you say?
6. Your son watches TV all the time. What do you say?
4. Работайте с партнером. Cоставьте 5 предложений с I wish…, My friend/husband/wife/sister wishes… .
No dice — refused; no! absolutely not.
Go for broke — to risk everything on one big goal or effort; to try as hard as possible.
Not one’s cup of tea — not what one likes or prefers; not suitable; not to your taste.
Burn the midnight oil — to stay up very late at night studying or working.
Crocodile tears — fake tears; false grief.
The History Museum. The History of Great Britain
Задание 1. Прочитайте лекцию и составьте краткий конспект на русском языке.
Prehistory
Two thousand years ago there was an Iron Age Celtic culture throughout the British Isles. It seems that the Celts, who had been arriving from Europe from the eighth century BC onwards, intermingled with the peoples who were already there. We know that religious sites that had been built long before the arrival of the Celts continued to he used in the Celtic period.
For people in Britain today, the chief significance of the prehistoric period (for which no written records exist) is its sense of mystery.
The Roman period (43—410)
The Roman province of Britannia covered most of present-day England and Wales. The Romans imposed their own way of life and culture, making use of the existing Celtic aristocracy to govern and encouraging this ruling class to adopt Roman dress and the Roman language (Latin). It was during this time that a Celtic tribe called the Scots migrated from Ireland to Scotland, where they became allies of the Picts (another Celtic tribe) and opponents of the Romans. This division of the Celts into those who experienced direct Roman rule (the Britons in England and Wales) and those who did not (the Gaels in Ireland and Scotland) may help to explain the development of two distinct branches of the Celtic group of languages.
The remarkable thing about the Romans is that, despite their long occupation of Britain, they left very little behind. Moreover, most of their villas, baths and temples, their impressive network of roads, and the cities they founded, including Londinium (London), were soon destroyed. Almost the only lasting reminder of their presence are place-names like Chester, Lancaster and Gloucester, which include variants of the Roman word castra (a military camp).
The Germanic invasions (410—1066)
One reason why Roman Britannia disappeared so quickly is probably that its influence was largely confined to the towns. In the country side, where most people lived, farming methods had remained unchanged and Celtic speech continued to be dominant.
The Roman occupation had been a matter of colonial control rather than large-scale settlement. But, during the fifth century, a number of tribes from the north-western European mainland invaded and settled in large numbers. Two of these tribes were the Angles and the Saxons. These Anglo-Saxons soon had the south-east of the country in their grasp. In the west of the country their advance was temporarily halted by an army of (Celtic) Britons under the command of the legendary King Arthur. Nevertheless, by the end of the sixth century, they and their way of life predominated in nearly all of England and in parts of southern Scotland. The Celtic Britons were either Saxonized or driven westwards, where their culture and language survived in south-west Scotland, Wales and Cornwall.