New highway (стр. 9 из 20)
Homer Simpson is the brightest of the Americans. He is fat, bald and very stupid. He works at the Burns Springfield Nuclear Power Station. He is a heavy beer-drinker. Homer spends his spare time watching TV on a sofa at home, or in Moe’s Bar; but always with a bottle of beer.
Marge Simpson is Homer’s wife. Of course, she is not as stupid as her husband. She is thin and has a large blue coiffure on her head.
Bart Simpson is Homer’s son. He is at school. Bart tries to show that he is cool and clever, but he isn’t any cleverer than his father.
Lisa Simpson, Homer’s daughter, is very clever. She is at school too. She is the only hope of Springfield but nobody knows it.
Many adventures take place in the cartoon. It gives us an opportunity to see the good and the bad sides of the Simpsons’ characters. So we can see that «The Simpsons» isn’t only a simple cartoon comedy, it’s a parody on the real life of the Americans. It has parallels with real life, and shows American character. That’s why the cartoon is so popular and funny (English. № 14. 2003. P. 13).
Прочитайте и запомните следующие идиомы:
Spick and span — extremely clean and tidy.
Crazy like a fox — seeming crazy but really intelligent.
Full of beans — having a lot of energy.
Broad in the beam — having large hips.
Be a drag — to be boring or difficult.
The Present Perfect Tense or the Past Simple Tense
| Past Simple (V2 + (-ed)) | Present Perfect (have/has + V3 (-ed)) |
| Мы используем Past Simple | Мы используем Present Perfect |
| — для выражения постоянных или повторяющихся действий в прошлом, а также прошлых привычек или состояний Long ago, they built most houses out of wood. He always caught the same train. — с указанием на период времени, который уже закончился I read the newspaper this morning (утро уже закончилось). — если действие уже совершилось в прошлом, с такими обстоятельствами времени, как a year ago, last Sunday, last week, yesterday, etc. Watson and Crick identified the structure of DNA in 1953. | — для выражения действий или состояний в прошлом, результат которых связан с настоящим моментом, когда результат действия или состояния очевиден в момент речи They have bought a new house (они могут прямо сейчас идти и жить в нем) It’s just started to rain (дождь начался и можно промокнуть) You have spilt the coffee all over my trousers — look! They’ve polluted the river (как результат, рыба погибла). — для обозначения действия, которое началось в прошлом и продолжается до настоящего момента или закончилось к настоящему моменту* I have lived in Balashov all my life. — для повторяющихся действий в прошлом, с такими обстоятельствами времени, как often, rarely, seldom He’s often been to France. — с периодом времени, который еще не истек We’ve built 20 new schools this year (год еще не кончился). He has done a lot in his short life (он еще жив и молод) — для выражения действий с такими словами, как already, before, ever, never, often, recently, still, yet, etc. Часто для выражения фактов, связанных с жизненным опытом. Rain has already ruined the tomato crops. Have you ever seen a UFO? They haven’t sent an astronaut to Mars yet. I have never been to the USA. Have you ever been to London? |
| Выбор между Present Perfect и Past Simple зависит от того, связано ли действие, свершившееся в прошлом, с настоящим моментом или нет: She often took the bus (Она часто ездила на автобусе, но не делает этого больше). She has often taken the bus (Она часто ездила на автобусе и может сделать это снова). Present Perfect не употребляется с обозначениями истекшего периода времени: yesterday, a minute ago, last month. | |
* В этом случае в предложениях, как правило, используются предлоги for (в течение какого-то времени) и since (с какого-то момента в прошлом): I have been walking for four hours. They haven’t met since the wedding.
REMEMBER: I haven’t seen you for ages. I haven’t met him for a long time
| Форма | Past Simple | Present Perfect |
| Утвердительная форма | Did Watson and Crick identifiy the structure of DNA in 1953? | He has been to France this year. I have been to France this year. |
| Вопросительная форма | Did Watson and Crick identify the structure of DNA in 1953? Who identified the structure of DNA in 1953? | Has he been to France? Who has been to France? |
| Отрицательная форма | They did not (didn’t) identify the structure of DNA in 1953. | He has not (hasn’t) been to France. |
Произношение окончания -ed:
[d] после гласных и звонких согласных: opened, offered, played,
[t] после глухих и шипящих согласных: cooked, worked,
[id] после t и d: wanted, landed, studied.
В английском языке есть конструкции, служащие для выражения привычек, привычных действий и состояний в прошлом:
1. used to используется для выражения действий и состояний в прошлом: He used to live here as a kid. / I didn’t use (NOT didn’t used) like my older sister. I used to read fairy tales when I was little.
2. would используется только для выражения действий в прошлом:
My brother and I would play in the woods when we were kids.
This girl used to be (NOT would be) shy.
Practice:
1. Выучите стихотворение наизусть. Объясните употребление Past Simple, Present Perfect:
Pussy Cat, Pussy Cat,
Where have you been?
«I’ve been to London
To look at the Queen».
Pussy Cat, Pussy Cat,
What did you see there?
«I saw a little mouse
Under her chair».
2. Образуйте 2-ю и 3-ю формы от следующих глаголов.
Модель: begin: began, begun.
Ask, change, meet, speak, shine, decide, travel, come, blow, sing, notice, cry, want, return, look, start, see, run, have, do, lie, buy, work, walk.
3. Завершите диалог, используя глаголы, данные в скобках, в Past Simple или Present Perfect:
A: Have you ever been (you ever be) to Australia?
B: No, I … (never be) outside Europe. … (you be) there?
A: Well, no, not yet. But my parents … (just book) a holiday to Australia for next month. I’m so exited! They … (tell) me about it last week. I still can’t believe it’s true.
B: Wow! You’re really lucky! … (you do) your packing yet?
A: No, I … (not do) any packing but I … (already write) a list of things to buy. Yesterday I … (buy) some film for my camera.
4. Выберите нужный предлог и переведите предложение:
a) They’ve lived there for/since two years.
b) I haven’t seen Jim for/since a week.
c) Amy’s been in hospital for/since May.
d) I’ve had English lessons for/since June.
e) He’s had his new computer for/since month.
f) I haven’t seen him for/since 10 o’clock.
Заполните пропуски в следующем правиле:
We use … when we are talking about how long something lasts.
We use … when we are talking about when something started.
5. Работайте с партнером. Прочитайте следующие диалоги:
A: What’s the matter with you?
B: I have a toothache.
A: I’m sorry to hear that. What happened?
B: I ate candies all day yesterday.
A: What’s the matter with you?
B: I have a backache.
A: I’m sorry to hear that. What happened?
B: I practiced shaping all day yesterday.
A: What’s the matter with you?
B: I have a headache.
A: I’m sorry to hear that. What happened?
B: I drank wine all day yesterday.
6. Работайте с партнером. Составьте диалог, используя собственные слова, и драматизируйте его:
| __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ |
7. Завершите следующие высказывания в соответствии с моделью:
Model: — Let’s go to the Zoo. (my childhood)
— With pleasure. I haven’t been to the Zoo since my childhood.
1. — Let’s go to the restaurant (last winter).
— With pleasure … .
2. — Let’s go to Volgograd (1995).
— With pleasure … . 1995.
3. — Let’s go to the Planetarium (my childhood).
— With pleasure … .
4. — Let’s go to the Internet-cafe (last year).
— With pleasure … .
8. Подчеркните правильную форму в следующих предложениях и переведите их:
1. We used to live/were living in the country.
2. I used to spend/was spending all my money on sweets when I was younger.
3. Did you use to collect/Were you collecting autographs as a kid?
4. I used to go/was going downstairs when I tripped and fell.
9. Ответьте на вопросы о своем детстве:
Did you get on well with your brothers and sisters?
Did you use to fight with your brother or sister?
Did your parents read to you as a child?
10. Работайте с партнером. Расспросите партнера о его детстве. Используйте идиомы, выражения used to, would, а также опорные слова и выражения из следующей таблицы:
| I | Place of birth | Sb was born, spent childhood |
| II | Any sisters or brothers, or cousins | Played favorite games, toys; any quarrels, any fights |
| III | Any friends | Pen-friends, close friends; at school, at home, in sb’s native town, other town/country |
| IV | Parents, grandparents | Told fairy tales, sang lullabies, cooked/made pies, cakes, etc; favorite food |
| V | Pets | Played with cats/dogs, etc |
Сделайте заметки:
| Questions | Answers |
| I | |
| II | |
| III | |
| IV | |
| V |
Работайте с группой. Пользуясь заметками, расскажите группе о детстве вашего партнера. Ответьте на вопросы группы.
Прочитайте и запомните следующие идиомы:
Fall into your lap also drop into your lap — to come by chance and good luck.
Give sb the boot — to get rid of someone, from a job or a relationship.
Make out like a bandit — to receive a lot of presents or money.
Not have a bean — to have no money.
Be nuts about sb/sth — to like someone or something very much.
Lesson 13
Numerals
В английском языке числительные делятся на количественные и порядковые:
| Cardinal/количественные | Ordinal/порядковые | |
| One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Eleven Twelve | The first The second The third The fourth The fifth The sixth The seventh The eighth The ninth The tenth The eleventh The twelfth | |
| Cardinal | Ordinal | |
| Thirteen Fourteen Fifteen Sixteen Seventeen Eighteen Nineteen | The thirteenth The fourteenth The fiftenth The sixeenth The sevententh The eighteenth The nineteenth | |
| Cardinal | Ordinal | |
| Twenty Twenty-one Twenty-two Thirty Forty | The twentieth The twenty-first The twenty-second The thirtieth The fortieth | |
| Fifty Sixty Seventy Eighty Ninety A(one)hundred | The fiftieth The sixtieth The seventieth The eightieth The ninetieth The hundredth | |
Two hundreds, four thousands, five millions
101 — one hundred and one.