a) Bretton Woods system b) fiscal policy c) monetary policy
2. At the beginning monetary policy was used to maintain ………...
a) foreign policy b) national currency c) gold standard
3. Monetary policy has generally been formed separately from …………..
a) fiscal policy b) federal funds c) Federal Reserve System
4. The primary tool of monetary policy is …………….
a) central bank b) open market operations c) interest rate
5. Open market operations entail managing the quantity of …………. through the buying and selling of various financial instruments.
a) banks b) federal funds c) money in circulation
5. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is monetary policy?
2. What tools does monetary policy use?
3. What is contractionary policy?
4. What is central bank?
5. What is the primary tool of monetary policy?
6. Выполните КОПР №4 «Перфектная группа времен (Perfect Tenses)», подтемы «Прошедшее совершенное время (Present Perfect Tense)», «Будущее совершенное время (Future Perfect Tense)».
Part 2
1. Прочитайте незнакомые слова перед прослушиванием текста.
work out – сработать, быть успешным
commute – ездить на работу
utilities – коммунальные услуги
2. Прослушайте текст «Apartments for Rent» (для прослушивания кликните один раз на приведенную ниже ссылку, удерживая клавишу «Ctrl», после загрузки страницы нажмите на кнопку проигрывателя).
Ссылка для прослушивания: http://esl-lab.com/live/liverd1.htm
3. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
1. What is the main topic of the conversation?
A. problems with living in an apartment
B. a search for a new apartment
C. the cost of rent near universities
2. Why doesn't Ann like her current apartment?
A. It's too expensive
B. The neighborhood is noisy
C. It's located some distance from school
3. How much money does Ann want to pay for rent?
A. no more than $200
B. around $200
C. a little more than $200
4. What kind of place is she looking for?
A. somewhere that is within a short driving distance of campus
B. an apartment with furniture already in it
C. a place where she can live alone
5. How is Roger going to help her?
A. He is planning on calling a friend who owns an apartment building
B. He will check the newspapers to see if he can find an apartment for rent
C. He is going to visit an apartment building near his place
4. Выразите свою точку зрения.
1. Comment on the expressions «Money makes money», «Time is money», «Money never sleeps».
2. Where can people keep money and what is the role of inflation in it.
3. Imagine you have $1000000. What projects would you like to invest this sum of money into? What return would you expect?
При ответе используйте фразы:
| To my mind … | In my experience … |
| In my opinion … | As far as I understand … |
| On the one hand, …on the other hand | From my point of view … |
| If my memory serves me right … | If I am not mistaken … |
| It seems to me that … | Personally, I think … |
| My personal view is that … | I am sure/certain/convinced that … |
| The fact is that … | This proves that … |
| It is obvious that … | There is no doubt that … |
Part 3
Напишите поздравительное письмо партнеру по работе и поздравьте его с получением новой должности. Используйте раздел «Полезные фразы для написания письма» приведенный в конце пособия.
Write a congratulation letter to your partner Frederick Berg who worked as a salesman and now got promoted to the position of a sales manager.
Unit 7
Part 1
Прочитайте и переведите текст.
7. Inflation
In economics, inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services. Consequently, inflation also reflects an erosion in the purchasing power of money – a loss of real value in the internal medium of exchange and unit of account in the economy. A chief measure of price inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index (normally the Consumer Price Index) over time.
Inflation's effects on an economy are various and can be simultaneously positive and negative. Negative effects of inflation include a decrease in the real value of money and other monetary items over time, uncertainty over future inflation may discourage investment and savings, and high inflation may lead to shortages of goods if consumers begin hoarding out of concern that prices will increase in the future. Positive effects include ensuring central banks can adjust nominal interest rates (intended to mitigate recessions), and encouraging investment in non-monetary capital projects.
Economists generally agree that high rates of inflation and hyperinflation are caused by an excessive growth of the money supply. Views on which factors determine low to moderate rates of inflation are more varied. Low or moderate inflation may be attributed to fluctuations in real demand for goods and services, or changes in available supplies such as during scarcities, as well as to growth in the money supply. However, the consensus view is that a long sustained period of inflation is caused by money supply growing faster than the rate of economic growth.
Today, most mainstream economists favor a low steady rate of inflation. Low (as opposed to zero or negative) inflation may reduce the severity of economic recessions by enabling the labor market to adjust more quickly in a downturn, and reduce the risk that a liquidity trap prevents monetary policy from stabilizing the economy. The task of keeping the rate of inflation low and stable is usually given to monetary authorities. Generally, these monetary authorities are the central banks that control the size of the money supply through the setting of interest rates, through open market operations, and through the setting of banking reserve requirements.
A connection between inflation and unemployment has been drawn since the emergence of large scale unemployment in the 19th century, and connections continue to be drawn today. In Marxian economics, the unemployed serve as a reserve army of labour, which restrain wage inflation.
1. Соотнесите слова и их определения.
| 1. demand | a. a period or process in which business activity is reduced and conditions become worse |
| 2. downturn | b. the people looking for work and the jobs that are available at that time |
| 3. labour market | c. the need or desire that people have for particular goods and services |
| 4. consensus | d. the amount of money you have to pay for something |
| 5. price | e. an opinion that everyone in a group agrees with or accepts |
2. Переведите следующие слова и выражения на английский язык.
| 1. покупательская способность | 6. товары и услуги |
| 2. ликвидность | 7. уровень цен |
| 3. темпы инфляции | 8. инвестиции и свободный капитал |
| 4. дефицит товаров | 9. спад деловой активности |
| 5. индекс потребительских цен | 10. гиперинфляция |
3. Переведите следующие слова и выражения на русский язык.
| 1. mainstream economists | 6. goods and services |
| 2. money supply | 7. labour market |
| 3. capital projects | 8. scarcity |
| 4. wage inflation | 9. percentage |
| 5. banking reserve requirements | 10. fluctuations in real demand |
4. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
1. ……….. is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services.
a) wage inflation b) recession c) inflation
2. High rates of inflation are caused by an excessive growth of the …………
a) labour market b) money supply c) scarcity
3. The task of keeping the rate of inflation low and stable is usually given to …………..
a) monetary policy b) mainstream economists c) monetary authorities
4. Low or moderate inflation may be attributed to fluctuations in ………… for goods and services.
a) real demand b) wage inflation c) capital projects
5. Monetary authorities are ………..
a) business owners b) mainstream economists c) central banks
5. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is inflation?
2. What are positive and negative effects of inflation?
3. Why do most mainstream economists favor a low steady rate of inflation?
4. What authorities are engaged in keeping the rate of inflation low and stable?
5. What is the connection between inflation and unemployment?
6. Выполните КОПР №5 «Perfect Continuous», подтемы «Present Perfect Continuous», «Past Perfect Continuous».
Part 2
1. Прочитайте незнакомые слова перед прослушиванием текста.
gouge – вымогать
lemon – брак, поломка
hassle – препятствие, трудность
2. Прослушайте текст «Car Rental» (для прослушивания кликните один раз на приведенную ниже ссылку, удерживая клавишу «Ctrl», после загрузки страницы нажмите на кнопку проигрывателя).
Ссылка для прослушивания: http://esl-lab.com/rentcar/rentcarrd1.htm
3. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
1. Why did the man settle on renting the full-size car?
A. It was roomy enough for him
B. It was more economical than the minivan
C. It had more features than the other vehicles
2. What was one of his major concerns about renting the car?
A. He couldn't add an additional driver to the rental plan
B. He was only limited to a certain number of miles per day
C. The vehicle would probably consume a lot of gas
3. How would you describe his rental car?
A. It was a little larger than he expected
B. The car doesn't look very attractive
C. The engine has problems and runs poorly
4. In which situation would the car protection plan NOT help the customer?
A. The car is stolen from a store parking lot with all of your valuables
B. The driver loses control of the car and crashes it into power pole
C. The car's exterior and windows are damaged in a hail storm
5. What can we infer from the closing statement about roadside assistance?
A. You should call the police in case your car has mechanical difficulties
B. Getting assistance might require some time and patience
C. The company will compensate you for delays in your travel
4. Выразите свою точку зрения.
1. What is inflation? How does it influence ordinary people?
2. Why are prices different in various shops?
3. Imagine you own a food chain store? The price for petrol rose by 5%. What can you do to minimize expenses?
При ответе используйте фразы:
| To my mind … | In my experience … |
| In my opinion … | As far as I understand … |
| On the one hand, …on the other hand | From my point of view … |
| If my memory serves me right … | If I am not mistaken … |
| It seems to me that … | Personally, I think … |
| My personal view is that … | I am sure/certain/convinced that … |
| The fact is that … | This proves that … |
| It is obvious that … | There is no doubt that … |
Part 3
Используя структуру нижеприведенного резюме, составьте свое личное резюме.
| Peter Townsled 35 Green Road Spokane, WA 87954 Phone (503) 456 - 6781 Fax (503) 456 - 6782 E-mail petert@net.com Personal Information Marital status: Married Nationality: US Work experience 1998 - Present / Jackson Shoes Inc. / Spokane, WA Manager Responsibilities: - Provide helpful service to customers concerning shoe choices - Design and implement computer based tools using Microsoft Access and Excel for staff - Monthly bookkeeping - Suggest changes in product offerings on a quarterly basis based on detailed analysis of sales patterns - Provide in-house training for new employees as needed 1995 - 1998 / Smith Office Supplies / Yakima, WA Assistant Manager Responsibilities: - Managed warehouse operations - Programmed Excel spreadsheet implemented to control sales strengths and weaknesses on quarterly basis - Interviewed new applicants for open positions - Travelled locally offering on-site visits to regular customers - Supervised bookkeeping staff Education 1991 - 1995 / Seattle University / Seattle, WA Bachelor of Business Administration Four year business administration course focusing and retail work environments Additional Skills Advanced level skills in Microsoft Office Suite, basic HTML programming, spoken and written proficiency in French REFERENCES Available upon request |
Unit 8
Part 1
Прочитайте и переведите текст.
8. Marketing and sales
Marketing is the process of identifying, anticipating and then meeting the needs and requirements of consumers in order to make a profit. In contrast, selling involves persuading customers that your products or services provide the benefits that they are looking for.
You can therefore see that there is an important difference between marketing and sales. Marketing puts the needs of the customer first. Through market research, it is possible to find out about customer tastes and requirements.
In contrast selling takes place after marketing has helped the business to identify those sorts of goods that customers are looking for. The sales person is convinced that theirs is the best in the market. It is their job to then convince customers that this is the case.
The marketing department of a firm that produces razors like BIC or Gillette carries out research to find out the sorts of shaving developments that their customers are looking for. They ask customers to tell them what improvements they would like to see to existing products and what new products they would like developing. They test market a range of possible products on customers. As a result of the marketing process they are able to come up with the most suitable products.