| mundane | ['mAndein] | светский, земной (простой) |
| routine | [ru:'ti:n ] | определенный, обычный, текущий; распорядок службы |
| incident | ['insidqnt] | случай, происшествие, инцидент |
| peace-keeping activity | деятельность по охране спокойствия (порядка) | |
| beat | [bi:t ] | дозор, обход, район |
| precinct | ['pri:siNkt] | полицейский участок (амер.) |
| cruise | [kru:z ] | совершать рейсы |
| squad | [skwOd] | отделение, команда |
| squad car | оперативная машина | |
| auto accident | ['O:tou'xksidqnt] | дорожно-транспортное происшествие |
| arbitrate | ['a:bitreit ] | принимать произвольное решение |
| disputant | [dis'pju:tqnt] | спорщик |
| neighbour | ['neibq] | сосед |
| crowd | [kraud ] | толпа |
| fire | ['faiq] | пожар |
| abandoned | [a'bxndqnd ] | покинутый |
| remove | [ri'mu:v] | удалять, убирать |
| hazard | ['hxzqd] | риск, опасность |
| quiet | ['kwaiqt ] | успокаивать |
| evict | [i:'vikt ] | выселять, изгонять |
| drunken | ['drANkqn ] | пьяный |
| pacify | ['pxsifai] | умиротворять, успокаивать |
| warn | [wO:n] | предупреждать, предостерегать |
| law-breaker | правонарушитель | |
| contribute | [kqn'tribju:t] | содействовать, способствовать делать вклад |
| maintenance | ['meintinqns ] | поддержание, сохранение |
| peace and order | правопорядок | |
| radio dispatcher | ['reidiou dis'pxCq] | радиодиспетчер |
| acquaintance | [q'kweintqns] | знакомый |
| get acquainted with smb. | познакомиться | |
| shift | [Sift] | смена |
| roll call | ['roul kO:l] | перекличка, оперативное совещание, планерка, развод |
| wanted | ['wOntid] | разыскиваемый |
| respond | [ris'pOnd] | реагировать |
Questions to the text.
1. What percentage of police manpower resources dealt with non-low enforcement activities according to available estimates?
2. And what percentage dealt with law enforcement activities?
3. Did you read much about police keeping activities as their everyday mundane duties, i.e. about routine police work?
4. When did the majority of incidents the police handled arise?
5. Did the police officer become implicated in a wide range of human troubles?
6. What did the police officer have to do?
7. When did the officers usually begin their shift?
8. What did the officer do during motopatrolling?
9. What language did the police officers prefer to use in their operational work?
10. Did the policemen disdain their mundane duties?
11. Is this work necessary for maintaining law and order?
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION,
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
a) General Investigation Division
The FBU formally called the Bureau of Investigation, was created primarily to handle criminal investigations for the Department of Justice.
The FBI responsibilities continue to grow each year.
The FBI handles over 180 different investigations including Federal criminal violations[1], internal security matters and civil inquiries[2] in which the Government has an interest.
Since 1945, over 95 percent of the cases investigated by its agents which came before the courts have resulted in convictions[3].
Special Investigation Division
Organized crime is a lawless empire involved in gambling, narcotics, prostitution, extortion, etc. where easy money can be made. For years organized crime operated behind a nearly impenetrable wall[4] built on fear, intimidation, bribery, and force.
Squads of highly trained FBI Agents are devoting their full efforts to bringing the crime lords to justice[5], The objective is to collect sufficient evidence to build a strong prospective case[6] so gang leaders can be brought to justice swiftly. Cooperation is vital in the fight against organized crime. The FBI works closely with state and local enforcement agencies.
This Division also supervises investigations under the Security of Government Employees programme[7].
Fugitive investigations often involve a great deal of manpower.
In addition to FBI fugitives, this Division directs the efforts of FBI Agents to locate and apprehend escaped Federal prisoners, deserters from the Armed Forces.
b) Identification Division
The largest collection of fingerprints in the world is maintained in the Identification Division of the FBI. A dangerous fugitive, wanted in .one state, may be located through fingerprint identification after his arrest on a minor charge under a different name by a police agency in another state. Fingerprints often are the only means of identifying victims of various crimes.
Laboratory Division
The FBI Laboratory is the greatest criminological laboratory in the world. During the first 35 years of its existence, this laboratory made approximately 4.000.000 scientific examinations. Today, this laboratory is a large complex of scientific equipment, staffed with over 300 employees most of whom have technical training. Included in this group are over 100 Special Agents with specialized training in a wide range of scientific fields. Many crimes are solved and many defendants convicted on the basis of material evidence submitted to the laboratory for examination. Laboratory examinations on many occasions have proved the innocence of persons suspected of having committed crimes.
Domestic Intelligence Division
The FBI fights against all elements which pose a threat[8] to the security of the people in the United States, to the Nation's security.
c) Files and Communications Division
Often some of the most valuable leads in an investigation result from information already contained in the files of law enforcement agencies.
A teletype network provides constant twenty-four-hour contact between FBI headquarters and all Field Divisions. In addition, the FBI has a radio network, completely independent of commercial facilities.
Crime Records Division[9]
The personnel of the Crime Records Department has the task of carefully studying the information on crime poured into the Heаdquarters from the FBI's field officer[10], local police agencies and other sources.
Training Division
All FBI Agents are trained at facilities in Washington, D.C., and at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia. Today, the new Agents receive fourteen weeks of instruction. Two week retraining courses are held periodically for all Agents. Although the theory of the various Law enforcement arts and sciences is taught, the greater emphasis is placed on those practical skills and techniques demanded by day-to-day investigations.
The courses range from the Constitution and Federal Criminal Procedure to Investigative Techniques and the Collection, Identification and Preservation of Physical Evidence. Thorough training is given in firearms and defensive tactics in order that an agent may defend himself in those extreme situations where life may be in danger. The Training Division also provides instructors for thousands police schools conducted by local enforcement agencies in communities across the Nation.
d) Administrative Division
The Administrative Division's major responsibilities are to see that the operations of the Bureau run smoothly and expenditures are kept within the limits of the annual appropriation granted by Congress. Another duty of this Division is to recruit and assign the personnel necessary to fulfil the various functions of the FBI.
Inspection Division
The staff is composed of experienced, competent men who periodically review, inspect the total work performance of each field office and the headquarters staff. The inspections have as their goal the improvement of management and investigative practices.
Questions to the text:
1. What does the FBI handle?
2. What are the main divisions of the FBI you can name?
3. What are the matters within the FBI jurisdiction?
4. In what way are the FBI Agents devoting their efforts to the fight against organized crime?
5. Who directs the efforts to locate and apprehend fugitives, escaped Federal prisoners, deserters from Armed Forces?
6. Where can valuable leads in an investigation be found very often?
7. Where is the largest collection of fingerpoints in the world?
8. What is the value of fingerprints in a number of crimes?
9. On the basis of which evidence are many crimes solved and many defendants convicted?
Тексты для дополнительного чтения
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
The finding, collecting and preservation of physical evidence are the most important phases in a criminal investigation.
Physical evidence is of value only if it helps prove a case or clear a suspect. The most valuable evidence may be worthless if inefficiently handled.
In general, the term «chain of evidence» may be defined as the documentation of every article of evidence, from the point of initial discovery at a crime scene, to its collection and transport to a laboratory, its temporary custody and its final disposition. Within this context, it is natural that:
— the admissibility of the information derived from any article of evidence be 'directly proportional to and fully dependent on the manner and precautions taken to ensure that the evidence presented to a court has been protected;
— there be no viable alternative to a strong chain of evidence.
It is not always possible to know whether or not an object has evidential value until it is analyzed. For example, one is generally unable to see all the details in a shoe imprint until a cast has been made and that cast compared with the shoe.
In collecting any object of possible evidential value an officer should keep in mind the importance of the following:
1. The possibilities being found on it.
2. The chances of certain pieces of microscopic debris, such as hair, blood, paint, fibres, etc., adhering to it.
3. How that article should be removed, marked, packaged and transported.
Physical evidence is something that is concrete, something that can generally be measured, photographed, analyzed, and presented as a physical object in court. Circumstantial evidence is a specific circumstance. For example, a suspect might be accused of burglary, and the shoes he is wearing are proved to have made certain impressions found at the scene of a crime. The shoes and the imprint are physical evidence, while the fact that the suspect was wearing the shoes when arrested is circumstantial evidence. Someone else could have worn the shoes at the time the burglary was committed, therefore that type of 'evidence is circumstantial.
If there are witnesses, the investigator needs corroborative evidence; if there are no witnesses, the entire case must often be proved through physical evidence alone.
A lone piece of evidence, because of its great intrinsic value and the impossibility of being duplicated, may be sufficiently important to warrant a conviction — for example, a fingerprint. At other times it may be a combination of a number of articles of physical evidence, none of which are conclusive, that proves the case.