INTERPOL
Interpol is-an international corporation founded in 1923 as a service organization devoted to coordinating actions against international criminals. Its clients are 174 agencies throughout the world. This organization is not under the control or supervision of any government.
Interpol is a recognized intergovernmental police force whose task is to hunt down the international criminal. A multinational force, much like the United Nations, Interpol is made up of police of the Free World and a bona fide law enforcement agency in its own right. Among the first to fight international terrorism and sky-jackings, Interpol still leads the war on narcotics, assists a number of nations in the continuing search for wanted Nazi war criminals. One of the most highly respected groups in the world, Interpol, like any other police force is under governmental control to safeguard the basic rights of every citizen. It operates according to a strict code of behavior and adheres to the highest ethical standards.
Interpol has never been recognized or established by any international charter or treaty and has no police powers. Because of Interpol's cooperation with the UN particularly in the area of drugs, Interpol was recognized as an intergovernmental organization. .
Interpol members are, for the most part, police and not governmental representatives, although certain governments have sent observers from their military, intelligence, customs, post office, and immigration departments.
Interpol does not have powers of arrest or any investigative rights. Its function is to disseminate information. Today 80 percent of the permanent staff is French. Interpol is much like any large corporation with bureaus in various countries and with representatives from these offices also stationed at the main office. Information is exchanged between the many national bureaus, but the police forces themselves are subject to the laws and policies of their respective nations.
Interpol is divided into four main bodies the General Assembly, the Executive Committee, the General Secretariat and the National Central Bureaus.
The General Assembly is composed of the delegates from each member country. It is «the Supreme Authority». The General Assembly controls the policy of the organization.
The Executive Committee is a nine-member board made-up of the president, two vice-presidents, and six delegates chosen by the General Assembly.
The General Secretariat, the permanent body, located in Lion, is Interpol's business division. It contains the «permanent departments» four of which specialize in certain crimes: one handles murder, burglary, assault, larceny, car theft, and missing persons; another deals with bank frauds and other types of embezzlement; a third, with drug traffic and morals offenses; and a fourth deals with forgery and counterfeiting.
Other divisions are the general records department, where files are kept, and a special records department, where fingerprints and other methods of identification are used.
The National Central Bureaus are the Interpol offices in various countries. Each NCB is empowered to communicate directly with and exchange information with any other NCB.
Some new words to the text:
| to recognize | ['rekqgnaiz] | узнавать, признавать |
| to hunt down | [hAnt daun] | выследить, поймать |
| bona fide | ["bqunq'faidi] | добросовестный, настоящий |
| sky-jacking | [skai'GxkiN] | воздушный пират |
| wonted | [wOntid] | разыскивается |
| to safeguard | ['seifga:d] | гарантировать, защищать |
| to adhere | [qd'hiq] | придерживаться, оставаться верным (принципам и т. д.) |
| charter | [CRtq] | хартия, устав (ООН) |
| treaty | ['tri:ti] | (международный) договор, соглашения |
| representative | ["repri'zentqtiv] | представитель, депутат палаты представителей |
| observer | ['qbzq:vq] | наблюдатель |
| intelligence | [in'teliGqns] | разведывательная служба, разведка |
| customs | ['kAstqmz] | таможня, таможенная пошлина |
| to dissiminate | ['di'simineit] | распространять |
| permanent | ['pq:mqnqnt] | постоянный |
| bureaus | [bjuq'rou] | бюро, офис |
| to subject | [sqb'Gekt] | подчинять, покорять (to) |
| murder | ['mq:dq] | тяжкое убийство |
| burglary | ['bq:glqri] | кража со взломом |
| assault | [q'sO:lt] | нападение, словесное оскорбление и угроза физическим насилием |
| larceny | ['lRsni] | кража, воровство |
| car theft | [kR Teft] | угон автомобиля |
Read and retell the text
OBSERVATION OF A CRIME SCENE
What is a crime scene? The crime scene means the place or the area where the crime such as burglary, larceny, homicide, traffic crime or motor vehicle theft, etс. takes place. The scene is the central location toward which all evidence points before, during and after the crime.
Crime scene search is an action of the investigator consisting of his direct survey of the happening, finding, collecting and protecting evidence to establish circumstances which are significant for the investigation. To observe and examine a crime scene properly is essential for quick and accurate crime solution. It is one of the most important sources of information concerning commission of the crime which enables the officer to answer with specific details the questions: What? Where? When? How? Why? Who? and What for?
Not infrequently an experienced investigator manages to narrow the investigation and search down to a single individual after a careful study of the crime scene.
The process of a crime scene search usually includes a preliminary, general observation, a detailed search and the final stages.
At the preliminary stage the investigator keeps in mind the problems of ensuring crime scene protection, preparation of proper crime techniques, choosing and instructing witnesses, getting information of the happening. And of course he gives first aid to a victim if it's necessary or calls for an ambulance.
At the stage of general observation the investigator is to observe the general appearance of the situation noting everything at the scene. To conduct a crime scene search properly the investigator must reconstruct the happening, analyze the operational conditions, make an estimate of the situation and develop and follow a definite way of doing his job. He makes a plan for the search and informs the participants of the search what and where to search minding not to destroy and overlook any valuable evidence. He also ensures taking pictures of the scene and its objects, making plaster casts of footprints and developing and taking fingerprints.
At the stage of detailed examination the investigator tries to answer a lot of different questions: Is it possible to identify the salient features of criminal's modus operandi? What are these features? Where was the entrance to the scene? What approaches are there to the scene? What was the criminal's way of entering it? Are there any traces of criminal act, e. g. fingerprints, footmarks, blood stains on the objects? Whose prints are they? Was the criminal moving any objects from their positions? Was the criminal alone or in a company with another? Do they always work together? What were they going to do? What instruments do they usually use? What instruments was the criminal using in this case? Are there cigarette stubs or ashes? Does the criminal smoke cigars or cigarettes? Was he smoking at the crime scene? Who can it be? What are his distinctive marks? What is the most unusual feature of his appearance? How does he dress? What was strange in his actions? Why does he behave so strangely? The successful investigator does not forget to note negative facts: Why is the weapon absent? Why are there no fingerprints or blood stains when it is natural to find them? etc. The answers to all those and many other questions help the investigator to build a hypothesis of the crime commission.
At the final part of observation the investigator makes conclusions taking into consideration all available information, packs the traces of the crime for a crime laboratory, makes a record of the crime scene observation and if necessary brings a criminal action.
Some new words for the text:
| area | ['Fqriq ] | n - площадь, район, область |
| point | [point ] | v - указывать |
| circumstances | ['sq:kqmstqnsiz] | n - обстоятельства |
| significant | [sig'nifikqnt] | a - значительный, важный, существенный |
| enable | [i'neibl] | v - давать возможность |
| frequently | ['fri:kwqntli ] | adv-часто |
| narrow | ['nxrou ] | v - суживать (ся), уменьшать (ся) |
| preliminary | [pri'liminqri] | a - предварительный |
| witness | n - зд. понятой | |
| participant | [pa:'tisipqnt ] | n - участник |
| mind | [maind] | n - разум, память |
| mind | v - помнить, заботиться | |
| overlook | [["ouvq' luk ] | v -1. проглядеть, 2. не заметить |
| blood | [blAd ] | n - кровь |
| stain | [stein] | n - пятно |
| instrument | ['instrumqnt] | n - орудие |
| stub | [stAb ] | n - окурок |
| ash | [xS] | n - зола, пепел |
| striking | ['straikiN] | a- (no)разительный, замечательный |
| dress | [dres] | v- одеваться |
| behave | [bi'heiv ] | v - вести себя |
| burglary | ['bq:glqri] | насильственное проникновение с целью совершения преступления, кража со взломом |
| larceny | ['la:sni] | воровство |
| theft | [Teft] | воровство, кража |
| homicide | ['hOmisaid ] | убийство, лишение человека жизни |
| traffic crime | ['trxfik] | дорожное преступление |
| motor vehicle | ['moutq'vi:ikl] | автомобиль, машина |
| motor vehicle theft (auto theft) | ['O:tou] [Teft]и | | угон автомашины |
| to give first aid to a victim | оказать первую помощь потерпевшему | |
| call for an ambulance | ['xmbjulqns] | вызвать машину скорой помощи |
| reconstruct the happening | мысленно воссоздать происшедшее (события, преступления) | |
| make an estimate of ... | ['estimit] | оценить что-либо |
| make plaster casts | ['pla:stq 'ka:sts] | снимать гипсовые слепки |
| fingerprints | ['fiNgqprint ] | следы пальцев |
| footprints (footmarks) | ['futprint] | следы ног |
| develop and take fingerprints | проявить и снять следы пальцев | |
| take pictures of... | фотографировать | |
| build a hypothesis | [hai'pOTisis] | выдвинуть версию |
| make the conclusions | [kqn'klu:Zqnz] | делать выводы |
| pack the traces of the crime | упаковать вещественные доказательства (следы преступления) | |
| crime laboratory | криминалистическая лаборатория | |
| make a record | составить протокол | |
| take into consideration | принять во внимание | |
| bring a criminal action | возбудить уголовное дело |
Questions to the text:
1. What is a crime scene?
2. What crimes do you know?
3. What is a crime scene search?
4. What actions of the investigator does it consist of?
5. What questions should an investigator answer during the crime scene search?
6. What stages does the process of crime search usually include?
7. What problems does the investigator solve during the preliminary observation? (at the stage of general observation? at the stage of detailed examination?)
8. What does the investigator do at the final part of observation?
Read and retell the text
INVESTIGATION OF CRIME
Criminal investigation is the keystone of the police service and in the structure of the detective function. Investigation means a search. It means a search for the truth, for the offender, for witnesses who help to reconstruct the happening and will present evidence of it in court. Criminal investigation is indispensable to learn whether an accident involves a crime and if so who is responsible. As for the police work (he investigation is an inquiry into the facts surrounding the commission of the criminal offence, i.e. what it is, where it was, who the offender was, when, why and how he was committing the crime.