3.2) This equipment is known to have been produced at a famous plant.
Известно, что это оборудование было произведено на знаменитом заводе.
4) The plant is known to have been producing this excellent equipment for many
years.
Известно, что завод производит это отличное оборудование уже много лет.
Инфинитив, являясь неличной формой глагола, имеет свойства как существительного, так и глагола.
Инфинитив в предложении может выполнять функции подлежащего, дополнения, обстоятельства, определения, а также может быть именной частью составного сказуемого:
1) – подлежащее
То build good roads is one of the most important tasks facing the engineers. - Строительство хороших дорог - одна из наиболее важных задач, стоящих перед инженерами.
То test the air balloon was very important. Было очень важно испытать воздушный шар.
2) – дополнение
Не likes to solve difficult problems. - Ему нравится решать сложные задачи.
Не decided to test the air balloon. –
Он решил испытать воздушный шар.
3) – именная часть сказуемого
His task was to complete the work in time. - Его задача была в том, чтобы завершить работу вовремя.
His plan was to test the air balloon. - Его план заключался в том,
чтобы испытать воздушный шар.
4) – обстоятельство цели
This computer was developed to calculate complex equations.-
Он остановился, чтобы передохнуть.
То test the air balloon he needed very accurate measuring instruments. - Для того, чтобы испытать воздушный шар, ему были нужны очень точные измерительные приборы.
5) – определение
The balloon to test was very large. - Шар, который нужно было испытать, был очень большим.
A thermometer is an instrument to measure the temperature. - Термометр - это инструмент для измерения температуры (который измеряет температуру)
Если определение выражено инфинитивом в пассивной форме, то на русский язык оно переводится придаточным определительным предложением с оттенком
долженствования:
The texts to be typed today are on your desk. - Тексты, которые следует напечатать сегодня, на вашем столе.
Инфинитив может входить в состав сложного дополнения (объектный инфинитивный оборот) и сложного подлежащего (субъектный инфинитивный оборот)
ОБЪЕКТНЫЙ ИНФИНИТИВНЫЙ ОБОРОТ
(THE OBJECT INFINITIVE CONSTRACTION)
«Объектный инфинитивный оборот» представляет собой сочетание имени существительного в общем падеже или местоимения в объектном падеже с инфинитивом глагола: I want him (Peter) to work at this problem with us.
«Объектный инфинитивный оборот» имеет два элемента: 1) имя (существительное или местоимение), обозначающее лицо или предмет, которое совершает действие, 2) инфинитив, выражающий действие, совершаемое лицом или предметом. Поэтому «Объектный инфинитивный оборот» переводится на русский язык придаточным дополнительным предложением, вводимыми союзами что, чтобы, как: I expect that she will come tomorrow. I expect her to come tomorrow.
Основные случаи употребления «Объектного инфинитивного оборота»:
1) желание или потребность: to want, to wish, to desire, I would like
He wants me to help him. Он хочет, чтобы я помог ему. I would like you to translate this article.Я бы хотел, чтобы ты перевел эту статью.
2) предположение, мнение, суждение: to suppose, to expect, to consider, to assume, to prove, to believe, to understand, to think.
I consider this liquid to be flammable. Я считаю, что эта жидкость огнеопасна.
They expect the equipment to arrive tonight. Они ожидают, что оборудование прибудет вечером.
3) физическое восприятие и ощущение (без частицы to): to watch, to observe, to notice, to see, to hear, to feel
They did not notice him appear in the world scientific society two years ago. Они и
не заметили, как он появился в мировом научном сообществе два года назад.
4) знание, осведомленность, утверждение, констатацию факта: to note, to find, to claim, to state
We found this method to be obsolete. Мы обнаружили, что этот метод устарел.
5) принуждение, разрешение или запрет: to make, to cause, to force, to allow, to permit, to order, to command, to enable.
The chief engineer ordered the new engine to be tested. Главный инженер
приказал провести испытания нового двигателя.
(The Objective Infinitive Construction)
I Define the forms and the functions of the Objective Infinitive Construction and translate the following sentences into Russian.
1. The scientists considered atoms or molecules which contain an even number of electrons to have no magnetic moment.
2. They supposed that gas to be oxygen.
3. We thought this substance to have liberated heat when the temperature had been greatly raised.
4. This scientist expects laser light to be different from ordinary light.
5. The researchers proved this substance to be an element.
6. After a number of experiments they made substance dissolve.
7. We knew them to have finished their work.
8. We may suppose these particles to be in motion.
9. They found him to be an outstanding inventor.
10. The chief engineer allowed the new engine to be tested.
11. They waited for the reaction to stop.
12. I arrange for him to meet the professor.
II Change the following sentences according to the model (using Objective Infinitive Construction):
1) We expect that they will solve this problem very soon.
We expect them to solve this problem very soon.
2) I thought that he had returned.
I thought him to have returned.
1. The scientists know that this phenomenon is important.
2. They suppose that she will take part in this work.
3. We consider that he knows the subject well.
4. The scientists know that isotopes find wide application both in industry and agriculture.
5. They expect the reaction will go to completion.
6. We think that he will help us in this work.
7. We believe that this discovery is of great importance.
8. We consider that mercuric irons are colorless.
9. We knew that the delegation had arrived.
10. They learned that he had carried out the experiment by the end of the week.
11. They expected that he had passed his last exam well.
12. We expect that his research findings will appear in print soon.
III Complete the sentences using the Objective Infinitive Constructions of your own:
1. We believe cybernetics to …
2. We thought this young scientist to …
3. The engineer expected the work to …
4. The teacher does not consider him to …
5. He wanted us to …
6. The chief engineer supposes this bridge…
7. He didn’t hear the boy…
8. The professor allowed this new method…
IV Read the text and translate. Underline infinitive constructions:
Isaac Newton is considered to be one of the greatest scientists of all time. We believe the majority of people to know his famous laws of mechanics. When most people think of Isaac Newton, they think of him sitting under an apple tree observing an apple fall to the ground. But we know him to express the connection between force and motion in the form of several laws. He also proved the planets to revolve around the Sun, not the Earth as people thought at the time. Isaac Newton was one of the world’s greatest scientists because he took his ideas and the ideas of earlier scientists and combined them into a unified picture of how the universe works. Isaac Newton’s calculations changed the way people understood it. What he did was to explain how it worked with the help of mathematics.
СУБЪЕКТНЫЙ ИНФИНИТИВНЫЙ ОБОРОТ
(THE SUBJECTIVE INFINITIVE CONSTRACTION)
Неопределенно-личным предложениям русского языка чаще всего в английском языке соответствуют пассивные обороты, как например: It is said that… It is reported that… It was supposed that… (Говорят, что… Сообщают, что… Предполагалось, что)
Сложноподчиненное предложение с главным предложением, выраженным неопределенно-личным оборотом типа it is said, it is known, it seems, it is likely, имеет свой эквивалент – простое предложение, в которое входит особая конструкция «Субъектный инфинитивный оборот». Эта конструкция, выраженная существительным в общем падеже или местоимением в именительном падеже с инфинитивом, переводится на русский язык придаточным предложением:
It is said that they work on new invention Говорят, что они работают
They are said to work on new invention над новым изобретением
«Субъектный инфинитивный оборот» употребляется с глаголами, обозначающими знание, утверждение, физическое восприятие, просьбу, наказание, которые могут стоять в любом времени в страдательном залоге, а именно с глаголами: to say, to know, to think, to report, to suppose, to expect, to consider, to assume, to believe, to see, to hear.
He was considered to have a strong affinity for both chemistry and mathematics. Считалось, что он испытывал острый интерес как к химии, так и к математике. They were reported to have arrived to the conference. Сообщалось, что они уже прибыли на конференцию.
«Субъектный инфинитивный оборот» употребляется также в сочетании с некоторыми непереходными глаголами, которые могут стоять в действительном залоге, а именно с глаголами: to seem, to appear, to prove, to turn out, to happen.
This young lecturer seems to know his subject well. Кажется, этот молодой лектор хорошо знает свой предмет.
Complex Subject
(The Subjective Infinitive Construction)
I Define the forms and the functions of the Subjective Infinitive Constructions and translate them into Russian:
1. The science of chemistry is known to deal with substances.
2. Every crystal has been found to consist of atoms arranged in a three – dimensional pattern.
3. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen is known to have discovered a new kind of rays which he called X-rays.
4. Helium atom was stated to contain two electrons.
5. The substance concerned is supposed to have been prepared by the reaction of some metals with water.
6. Whenever the speed of a body changes, the body is said to have acceleration.
7. The computer is proved to be able to do computation in milliseconds.
8. The new fuel is assumed to be both cheap and efficient.
9. Many various types of airplanes are reported to have been produced in this country during the last decade.
10. They are said to have designed а new device.
11. These measures are known to increase the efficiency of work.
12. The question should be considered to be settled.
II Paraphrase the following sentences using the Subjective Infinitive Constructions as in the models:
Model I: It is known that he will make his report today. He is known to make his report today.
1. It is believed that the method involved is good.
2. It is expected that they will take part in this research work.
3. It is known that evaporation goes more rapidly at the higher temperature.
4. It was known even in ancient times that water is denser than air.
Model II: It was found that those rays had been deflected. Those rays were found to have been deflected.
1. It was known that the substance had been purified.
2. It was considered that the method had been improved.
3. It was known that the investigations carried out by him had resulted in new
discoveries.
4. It is believed that they have examined this substance carefully.
Model III: He has graduated from the Institute. I know it.
He is known to have graduated from the Institute.
1. M. Curie discovered radium. Everybody knows that.
2. He has finished his work. They said to us about it.
3. They work in the laboratory. We know that.
4. The meeting will take place in our club. We were informed about it.
III Complete the sentences using the Subjective Infinitive Construction and word combinations of your own:
1. The lecture was said to …
2. These two scientists were heard to …
3. The 20th century is considered to …
4. Rubber is known to …
5. Lake Baikal is known to …
6. The conference is reported to…
7. This university is expected to
8. Each type of atom is known to…
IV Read the text and translate. Underline infinitive constructions.
An electric circuit is a path through which an electric current flows. This is a complete path along which electrons can transmit their charges. An electric’s circuit includes a battery, generator, or magnetic means for producing current flow. Some portion of the circuit is supposed to do useful work.