1 With research involving more and more people, the profession of a scientist has become one of the most popular now days.
2 When crossing the street, be careful at the crossroads.
3 Social scientists and physical scientists, each group representing a diversity of specialized disciplines, were brought together to review some implications of the interaction between science and society.
4 Having filled his pockets with apples the boy was about to run away when he saw the owner of the garden with a stick in his hand.
5 Judging by the colour of the sun it should be windy tomorrow.
6 Rising from the bleak expanse of Salisbury Plain, stands out one of the most intriguing puzzles of history - Stonehenge - the circle of stones cleverly shaped and fitted together to form a carefully planned whole.
7 It had taken more than 1000 years in development and then was suddenly terminated, learning scores of puzzles for us.
№7 Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в них герундиальный комплекс и переведите на русский язык.
1 Your going there won't help much.
2 Hurried reading results in the learner forgetting half of what he reads.
3 Excuse my interrupting you.
4 There cannot be any objections to your seeing her personally.
5 She was startled by the outer door being opened.
№8 Прочитайте и письменно переведите 1, 2, 5, 6 абзацы текста:
1) In the Battle of Thermopylae of 480 BC, an alliance of Greek city-states fought the invading Persian Empire at the pass of Thermopylae in central Greece. Vastly outnumbered, the Greeks held back the Persians for three days in one of history's most famous last stands. A small force led by King Leonidas of Sparta blocked the only road through which the massive army of Xerxes I of Persia could pass.
2) After three days of battle, a local resident named Ephialtes is believed to have betrayed the Greeks by revealing a mountain path that led behind the Greek lines. Dismissing the rest of the army, King Leonidas stayed behind with 300 Spartans and 700 Theban volunteers and slaves. The Persians succeeded in taking the pass but sustained heavy losses, extremely disproportionate to those of the Greeks. The fierce resistance of the Spartan-led army offered Athens the invaluable time to prepare for a decisive naval battle that would come to determine the outcome of the war.
3) The subsequent Greek victory at the Battle of Salamis left much of the Persian Empire's navy destroyed and Xerxes was forced to retreat back to Asia, leaving his army in Greece under Mardonius, who was to meet the Greeks in battle one last time. The Spartans assembled at full strength and led a pan-Greek army that defeated the Persians decisively at the Battle of Plataea, ending the Greco-Persian War and with it the expansion of the Persian Empire into Europe.
4) The performance of the defenders at the battle of Thermopylae is often used as an example of the advantages of training, equipment, and good use of terrain as force multipliers, and has become a symbol of courage against overwhelming odds. However, ancient writers first used the Battle of Thermopylae as an example of the superior power of a patriotic army of free men defending native soil.
5) There is also a large political significance of the Battle of Thermopylae, in that it was the first occasion in which the independent Greek city-states formed a significant alliance. The Battle of Thermopylae also possibly signified the beginning of the end for the Persian empire–drawing strength from the outcome of the battle, the Greeks as a national body began assaulting the Persian Empire.
6) King Darius I of Persia initially sent heralds to all Greek cities offering blandishments if they would submit to Persian authority. Many of the 700 Greek states submitted, including Argos. The Athenians declined to adhere to their initial agreement, undertaken in 507 BC. The Persian army first encountered a joint force of 10,000 Athenian and Spartan hoplites led by Euanetus and Themistocles in the Vale of Tempe. Upon hearing this, Xerxes sent the army through the Sarantaporo strait, which was unguarded, and sidestepped them. The hoplites, warned by Alexander I of Macedon, vacated the pass.
7) The allied Greeks judged that the next strategic choke point where the Persian force could be stopped was Thermopylae. They decided to defend it and send a fleet to Artemision, a naval choke point, as Xerxes' army was being supplied and supported by sea. Using the fleet, Xerxes' army might have crossed Maliacos bay and outflanked the Greek army again. In essence, the Oracle's warning was that either Sparta would be conquered and left in ruins or one of her two hereditary kings, descendant of Heracles, must sacrifice his life to defend her. Leonidas took charge of his personal fighting unit, the 300 Spartans (and the 900 servants of the 300 soldiers), and headed to Thermopylae.
№9 Прочитайте текст еще раз и ответьте на вопросы к нему:
1) What was the political significance of the Battle of Thermopylae?
2) What for did the king Darius I of Persia send heralds to all Greek cities?
3) What kind of prophecy did the Oracle make?
4) What is King Leonidas of Sparta famous for?
№10 Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений и составьте свои предложения с ними:
(1) добровольцы, (2) остальная часть армии, (3) ожесточенное сопротивление
(4) предавать, (5) распускать, (6) одержать решительную победу,
(7) потомственные короли, (8) нести огромные потери, (9) значимый союз
(10) последствия битвы
№11 Заполните таблицу существительными, глаголами и прилагательными, где возможно:
| глагол | существительное | прилагательное |
| to agree | ||
| possibility | ||
| to signify | significance | significant |
| hereditary | ||
| defense | ||
| to destroy | ||
| free | ||
| multiplier | ||
| to supply | ||
| valuable |
№12 Найдите в тексте антонимы к следующим словам:
(1) ancestor, (2) to flourish, (3) to fail, (4) weakness, (5) doubtful, (6) slave
(7) little, (8) foreign, (9) modern, (10) to gather
Вариант 2
№1 Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя инфинитивную конструкцию сложное дополнение (Complex Object) вместо придаточных дополнительных предложений или переделывая два предложения в одно. Переведите предложения на русский язык:
1 I expect that she would behave quite differently.
2 I know that your uncle is an excellent mathematician.
3 I saw him. He pointed to a picture on the wall.
4 She bent and picked something from the floor. The policeman saw it.
5 I expect that you will join our excursion.
6 They showed themselves even more narrow-minded than he had expected they would be.
7 The wounded hunter felt that the bear touched him, but he didn’t move.
№2 Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя инфинитивную конструкцию сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject). Переведите переделанные предложения на русский язык:
1 It appeared that Caucasian had worn high fleece caps on most occasions.
2 It is supposed that the playwright is working at a new comedy.
3 It has been found that this mineral water is very good for the liver.
4 It happened that I was present at the opening session.
5 It turned out that the world-famous Moscow’s museums and galleries with their collections are some of the largest and most important in the world.
6 It is considered that these devices are very effective.
7 It was said that people had invented samovars in Central Asia.
№3 Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, подчеркните герундий и укажите его форму:
1 The project for planning and building works in the city was established in 1968, basing on the instructions provided by Peter the Great.
2 Lisitsyn and his two sons were laboring in their free from making arms and ammunition on a rather unusual device.
3 Nearly all samovars have a four-legged square-shaped foundation. This keeps the samovar from damaging the furniture with its heat.
4 Charcoal-burning samovars are less common, and guests should be warned about the risk of scalding themselves.
№4 Перепишите и расположите по порядку:
a) предложения с инфинитивной конструкцией сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject)
b) предложения с инфинитивной конструкцией сложное дополнение (Complex Object)
c) предложения с независимой причастной конструкцией (Absolute Participial Construction)
Подчеркните конструкции и переведите предложения на русский язык:
1 The project abandoned, the leadership in this field passed to another institute.
2 I saw him do it several times.
3 Twenty minutes later he came out of number seven, pale, with his lips tightly compressed and an odd expression on his face.
4 The family suspected it and wanted to get him see a doctor.
5 He happens to work at the same problem.
6 Would you like me to do it?
7 This scientist is known to be keeping in touch with the latest developments in his field of research.
№5 Найдите ошибку в предложениях и исправьте ее (ошибка в использовании относительных местоимений). Перепишите исправленный вариант и переведите его на русский язык:
1 What was the name of the man whom phoned you?
2 I gave her money what I had.
3 The people work in the office are very nice.
4 The book is about a girl where runs away from home.
5 .Why do you blame me for everything who goes wrong?
6 They give their children everything which they want.
7 The place whose we spend our holiday was really beautiful.
№6 Перепишите следующие предложения. Укажите в них зависимый и независимый причастный оборот и переведите их на русский язык.
1 After many nations accreted the faith of Christ, many synods assembled throughout the world. Such there were throughout England, consisting of bishops and other competent councilors.
2 While waiting for you, I was looking through newspapers and magazines.
3 She often took care of my little sister giving me a possibility to play with other boys.
4 The questions of collective scientific discoveries have already been suggested that a solution of some urgent problems can be best achieved that way.
5 America was transformed in the two centuries from the first English settlement at Jamestown in 1607 to the beginning of the 19th century. From a series of isolated colonial settlements hugging to the Atlantic coast, America evolved into a new nation, born in revolution, and guided by a Constitution embodying the principles of democratic self-government.
6 Never having experienced such difficulties she was at a loss.
7 In relations with the Soviet Union, President Reagan's declared policy was one of peace through strength. Rooted in the Cold war tradition, he was determined to stand firm in dealing with the country he termed "the evil empire".
№7 Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в них герундиальный комплекс и переведите на русский язык.
1 Do you mind my waiting there?
2 I had no idea of your being there.
3 That was how the affair ended with Mr. Tupman being put to bed and the doctor being sent for.
4 He was disturbed by the children’s coming in.
5 She had overlooked the possibility of her father’s getting to know about the affair from the newspapers sooner than she could inform him.
№8 Прочитайте и письменно переведите 2, 3, 5 абзацы текста:
1) The history of silk begins, according to Chinese tradition, in the 27th century BC. The Chinese were able to continue making it exclusively for three millennia without ever revealing the secret process whereby it was made. During the later epoch, the Chinese lost their secret as the Koreans, the Japanese, and later the Indians succeeded in discovering how to make silk.
2) In China, silk worm farming was originally restricted to women, and many women were employed in the silk-making industry. Even though some saw the development of a luxury product as useless, silk provoked such a craze among high society that the rules in the Li Ji were used to regulate and limit its use to the members of the imperial family. Peasants did not have the right to wear silk until the Qing dynasty (1644-1911). For approximately a millennium, the right to wear silk was reserved for the emperor and the highest dignitaries. Later, it gradually extended to other classes of Chinese society. Silk began to be used for decorative means and also in less luxurious ways: musical instruments, fishing, and bow-making.
3) Paper was certainly one of the greatest discoveries of China. Since the 3rd century BC, paper was made in all sizes with various materials. Silk workers had been making paper since the 2nd century BC. Silk, bamboo, linen, wheat and rice straw were all used differently, and paper made with silk became the first type of luxury paper Researchers. The material was certainly more expensive, but also more practical than bamboo. Treaties on many subjects (meteorology, medicine, astrology, divinity), and even maps written on silk have been discovered.
4) During the Han Dynasty, silk became progressively more valuable in its own right, and no longer simply a material. It was used to pay government officials and compensate citizens who were particularly worthy. The length of the silk cloth became a monetary standard in China. The wealth that silk brought to China stirred up envy in neighboring peoples. Silk was a common offering by the emperor to these tribes in exchange for peace. For more than one millennium, silk remained the principle diplomatic gift of the emperor of China to his neighbors or to his vassals.
The use of silk became so important that "silk" (纟) soon constituted one of the principal radicals of the Chinese alphabet.
5) Broadly speaking, the use of silk was regulated by a very precise code in China. For example, the Tang Dynasty imposed upon bureaucrats the use of a particular color according to their different functions in society. Under the Ming, silk began to be used in a series of accessories: handkerchiefs, wallets, belts, or even an embroidered piece of fabric displaying dozens of animals, real or mythical. These fashion accessories remained associated with a particular position: there was a specific bonnet for warriors, for judges, for nobles, and others for religious use.
6) A number of discoveries showed that silk was rapidly becoming a luxury material appreciated in foreign countries. Its role in commerce dates well before the opening of the silk road by the Chinese. The Silk Road toward the west was opened by the Chinese in the 2nd century A.D. The main road left from Beijing, going either to the north or south of the Taklamakan desert, one of the most arid in the world, before crossing the Pamir Mountains. The caravans that employed this method to exchange silk with other merchants were generally quite large, including from 100 to 500 people as well as camels and yaks carrying around 140 kg of merchandise.