VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, употребив прилагательные, данные в скобках, в сравнительной или превосходной степени.
1. Russia possesses (heavy) helicopters MI-26 in the world which lift and transport cargos up to 20 tons. 2. This road is (bad) I have ever traveled over. 3. The environment contamination remains one of (important) problems in the modern world. 4. The first steam locomotive “The Rocket” was much (small) and (light) than modern locomotives. 5. The Pan-American Highway is (long) road in the world.
VIII. Перепишите предложения. Задайте общие вопросы и специальные вопросы к подчеркнутым словам.
1. The incandescent lamp was invented by Edison. 2. Railway track will be strengthened on this section of the mainline because it is planned to increase the volume of freight traffic here. 3. Road accidents are more frequent in rainy weather. 4. In some countries the locomotive pulls the train in one direction and pushes in the other. 5. Steel sleepers first appeared in Europe in 1868, mainly because of the shortage of durable wood in some countries. 6. In our Metro trains run every 8 minutes. 7. Civil engineering means the construction of roads, railways, bridges, tunnels, canals, etc.
IX. Перепишите и переведите текст.
FROM THE HISTORY OF THE LONDON UNDERGROUND
The underground railways as a kind of city transport appeared in the second half of the 19th century. The first underground system was proposed by Charles Pearson in 1843. Twenty years later the first line of the London Underground was opened for traffic. Its length was almost four miles. On that first historic day 30.000 Londoners made the first underground railway travel in the world.
In the early days the trains were driven by steam locomotives which burnt coal, filling the tunnels with smoke. It is said that the train staff and porters asked for a permission to grow beards and moustaches – as an early form of smog mask. The tunnels of the first underground were made as small as possible in order to reduce the construction costs. The coaches themselves were small and narrow.
According to Pearson’s project all lines were laid down close to the ground surface. The deep tunneling came later, in 1890. Constructing the tunnel through miles of clay, sand and gravel is no easy task, and it was James Henry Greathead who developed the method which made the construction of most London tunnels possible. One of the longest continuous tunnels in the world is the 17½ mile tunnel on the Northern line. The first escalator was also installed in the London Underground in 1911.
During the World War II the London Underground served as a shelter for thousands of Londoners. Many British Museum treasures spent the war in the tunnels of the underground. The railways were prepared for any emergency that might occur. They had duplicate control systems, repair groups, duplicate power supply and so on. To minimize the danger of flooding the underground near the Thames, isolating doors were built in the tunnels. All the trains were equipped with special reduced lighting for using on open sections of track.
Nowadays the London Underground is the most popular means of city transport. Its length is about 300 km and it has 273 stations.
Х. Укажите, какие из следующих утверждений соответствуют содержанию текста. Используйте фразы: It is right. It is wrong. Исправьте неверные утверждения.
1. The underground railways appeared in the 20th century. 2. The London Underground is the oldest Metro in the world. 3. The first line was constructed according to Pearson’s project. 4. In the 19th century all the trains were driven by electric locomotives. 5. The first line of the London Underground was laid down deep under the ground. 6. The method of deep tunneling was developed by James Greathead. 7. The first escalator in the world was installed in the Moscow Metro. 8. During the World War II the London Underground didn’t operate. 9. Different measures were taken to minimize the danger of flooding the tunnels near the Thames. 10. At present the length of the London Underground is over 400 km.
ВАРИАНТ 4
I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future) в действительном залоге. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы.
1. At this railway station the stops of the trains last only five minutes. 2. Such engineers as Frolov, Yartzev, Polsunov made great contribution to the development of railway transport in Russia. 3. If you help me, I shall repair the engine in an hour. 4. In spite of the dense fog the train was not late. 5. The project of the Helsinki – St. Petersburg railway reconstruction envisages track modernization and installation of the safety systems and remote control systems.
1. In 1994 Paris became closer to Londoners than Glasgow because the Channel Tunnel was opened for traffic. 2. Box cars are used for the transportation of goods which require protection against rain. 3. The switch is the mechanism which is used to move the trains from one track to another. 4. The first passenger cars were lighted by candles; later candles were replaced by oil and gas lamps. Nowadays electricity is used for lighting and heating the passenger carriages. 5. After the reconstruction of the railway, the speed of trains will be increased and the carrying capacity of the line will be raised.
III. Перепишите и переведите предложения, поставив глагол в нужную форму.
1. The accident (to result – Past Indefinite Active) in a traffic jam. 2. The renewal of signaling equipment of all the railroads (to finance – Future Indefinite Passive) by the government. 3. In Great Britain a first-class ticket (to cost – Present Indefinite Active) 50% more than a second-class ticket. 4. Wooden sleepers (to treat – Present Indefinite Passive) with creosote. 5. The first self-propelled vehicle in Russia (to make – Past Indefinite Passive) by Kulibin in the 18th century.
IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление оборота there + to be.
1. There was some engine trouble, and the driver asked the passengers to get off the bus. 2. There is so much traffic on this street during rush hours that it is faster to ride a bike. 3. At the railway station there are announcement boards that inform passengers when and to what track the train will arrive. 4. The bus pulled up at the stop but to the disappointment of the people there was no room for everybody in it. 5. In April 1998 there was a 300 km traffic jam on the N4 motorway (the main road from London to Wales) at the end of the Easter holidays.
V. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление окончания -s.
1. Nowadays London’s transport moves only 4 km faster than in 1912. 2. He wanted to get the watchman’s job because he could not get any other. 3. The scientific and technological achievements brought great changes in people’s life and work. 4. For the passengers’ convenience the compartments of a sleeping car are equipped with mirrored sliding doors, loudspeakers, collapsible tables, ceiling lamps and wall lamps. 5. The passengers were informed of the flight’s delay.
VI. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление прилагательных в сравнительной и превосходной степенях. Подчеркните прилагательные в английских предложениях и укажите степень сравнения.
1. Railway transport is one of the cheapest ways of carrying freight over long distances. 2. The continuous rails provide a smoother movement of trains at higher speeds. 3. If you want to get somewhere as quickly as possible the best way is to travel by air. 4. For many centuries before the invention of the steam engine, transportation by water was much easier and cheaper than that by land.
VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, употребив прилагательные, данные в скобках, в сравнительной или превосходной степени.
1. The railway line that has no long tunnels and bridges is (cheap) line. 2. Although the gas-turbine engine is (small) and (light) than the diesel engine, it has (great) power. 3. Petrol is (expensive) than it was 2 years ago. 4. The railway became (important) means of transportation thanks to the invention of the steam locomotive. 5. The fare in the London Underground depends on the distance but (low) is 50 pence.
VIII. Перепишите предложения. Задайте общие вопросы и специальные вопросы к подчеркнутым словам.
1. Werner von Siemens produced the first experimental electric locomotive. 2. The first escalator was installed in the London Underground in 1911. 3. This plant manufactures engines for motor cars. 4. There are 12 bridges and viaducts on this railway line. 5. The new model of the car will be tested on the mountain roads. 6. High-class trains like “Russia”, “Irtysh”, “Siberia” and some others have high reputation and popularity. 7. The air in the Underground is changed every quarter of an hour.
IX. Перепишите и переведите текст.
The St. Petersburg - Moscow Mainline is the oldest and the most outstanding railway in Russia. The project of this railway was proposed by P.P. Melnikov. According to his project “chugunka” was planned as a double-track line, 664 km long, with the 5 feet gauge (now the standard), steam-powered. The speed of passenger and freight trains was supposed to be 34,4 km and 16 km respectively.
The construction began in 1843 and lasted 8 years. From the very beginning the builders faced many hardships because of severe climatic and difficult geological conditions. Hundreds of kilometers of track were laid down through forests and marshes, many rivers were crossed. The line is virtually straight and level. 185 bridges and 19 viaducts were built to make the line as straight as possible. There is a legend that the route of the railway was chosen by the Tzar Nikolay I, who drew a straight line between the two cities on the map and ordered this line to be the route of the railway. But the fact is that the construction of the line was preceded by long and thorough surveying work, a great part of which was done by P.P. Melnikov himself.
All the component parts of the track, bridges and viaducts were produced at Russian plants by using only domestic materials, including timber for sleepers and cast iron for rails.
One has to give credit* to the first railway builders, who laid the track in extremely difficult conditions. Nobody took care of the workers and nobody paid attention to their working conditions. People lived in “shalashes” or dug-outs; ate often tainted food; worked from dawn till sunset, often in water up to their knees and their main tools were spades, picks, axes, wheelbarrows and horse-drawn carts. The cruel exploitation of the workers was exposed by Nekrasov in his famous poem “The Railway”.
The railroad was officially opened for traffic on November 1, 1851. The first train departed from St. Petersburg at 11.15 and arrived in Moscow 21 hours 45 minutes later. There were 17 passengers in the first-class cars, 63 – in the second-class cars and 112 – in the third-class cars. The speed of the first trains was 40 km/h but two years later it was increased up to 60 km/h. It was the world’s record in the speed of passenger trains.
Notes: * one has to give credit – нужно отдать должное
Х. Укажите, какие из следующих утверждений соответствуют содержанию текста. Используйте фразы: It is right. It is wrong. Исправьте неверные утверждения.
1. The Trans-Siberian Railway is the oldest railway in Russia. 2. P.P. Melnikov made the project of the St. Petersburg – Moscow mainline. 3. It was a single-track line. 4. This line had many curves and gradients. 5. The construction of the line was preceded by long and thorough surveying work. 6. All the materials for the construction were imported from Britain. 7. Rails were made of cast iron. 8. The railway was opened for traffic in 1851. 9. The first train departed from Moscow at midnight. 10. The train consisted of first-class cars only.
I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future) в действительном залоге. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы.
1. They missed the last commuter train because of the traffic jam. 2. The mechanic is busy now but he promised to examine the engine of your car. 3. If we drive at such a speed all the time, we shall arrive at the village before the dark. 4. A dispatcher controls the movement of trains over a definite section of track. 5. Moscow is a major transport junction. Over 300 long-distance and 2000 suburban trains depart from 10 Moscow terminals daily.
1. All first carriages had three essential drawbacks: they were built of wood; they were heated by stoves, and they had an open platform at each end that was especially dangerous in the case of an accident. 2. The air in the London Underground is changed every quarter of an hour and the temperature is maintained at 69-79 degrees Fahrenheit all year round. 3. The invention of the steam engine aroused great interest; it was much spoken and written about. 4. All wagons are fitted with automatic coupling. 5. Most specialists consider that the trains of the future will be operated by automatic drivers.
III. Перепишите и переведите предложения, поставив глагол в нужную форму.
1. Before 1947 the British Railways (to own – Past Indefinite Passive) by four private companies. 2. It (to take – Present Indefinite Active) only 35 minutes to travel by train from Britain to France. 3. The windows of his car (to make – Present Indefinite Passive) of unbreakable glass. 4. In London we (to transfer – Future Indefinite Active) from the train to a bus. 5. The policeman (to stop – Past Indefinite Active) the traffic so that the ambulance could pass.